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February 3, 2015
With the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) preparing to restart in a few months, data from its first run has already been bearing fruit.
A recent publication by the CMS collaboration brings together the broadest set of results to date about the properties of the Higgs boson. The paper, submitted to The European Physical Journal C (and available at http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.8662) showcases what CMS physicists have learnt about the particle using data taken between 2011 and 2012 Together with another paper on the spin and parity of the boson, (link external: http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.3441) the results draw a picture of a particle that – for the moment – cannot be distinguished from the Standard Model predictions for the Higgs boson.
The Standard Model of particle physics is a theoretical framework that explains how the basic building blocks of matter interact, governed by four fundamental forces. Developed in the early 1970s, it has successfully explained almost all experimental results and precisely predicted a wide variety of phenomena – including the mass of the Higgs boson.
The CMS experiment recently combined measurements from different decays of the Higgs to extract the most precise measurement of its mass to date: 125.02±0.30 GeV, with a relative uncertainty of 0.2%. This uncertainty can be split into a systematic component (±0.15 GeV) and a statistical component (±0.26 GeV), which provides excellent prospects for Run 2 to yield an even more precise mass measurement, as more data will reduce the statistical component.
Image above: New results from the CMS collaboration are pinning down the properties of the Higgs boson (Image: Maximilien Brice/CERN).
The Higgs boson is the final piece of the Standard Model – when it was discovered by the CMS and ATLAS experiments in 2012, it was the last particle predicted by the Model to be verified experimentally. But with all parameters now experimentally constrained, physicists can use the Model to make even more specific predictions. For example, having measured the mass of the Higgs boson, the Standard Model makes unambiguous predictions as to what the Higgs boson's other properties should be. Some, such as the boson's spin (zero), parity (positive), and electric charge (neutral) stem directly from the symmetries of the Standard Model. But others, such as the strength with which the Higgs boson interacts (or couples) with other Standard Model particles are harder to check.
The Higgs boson decays to many different particles, including photons, Z bosons, W bosons, tau leptons, b quarks and muons. Checking how the Higgs decays into these particles, and with what probabilities, will allow physicists to complete the picture and gain a better understanding of the Higgs.
Finding no significant deviations with the Standard Model has set the bar high for the LHC's Run 2. Theorists and experimentalists will continue working together to find a small wrinkle in the so far smooth Higgs boson picture. That small wrinkle that may point the way out of the Standard Model oasis, across the desert, and the as-yet unknown physics beyond. It's going to be an exciting Run 2.
A version of this article appears on Cylindrical Onion, the blog of the CMS experiment: http://cylindricalonion.web.cern.ch/blog/201501/how-massive
Note:
CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is one of the world’s largest and most respected centres for scientific research. Its business is fundamental physics, finding out what the Universe is made of and how it works. At CERN, the world’s largest and most complex scientific instruments are used to study the basic constituents of matter — the fundamental particles. By studying what happens when these particles collide, physicists learn about the laws of Nature.
The instruments used at CERN are particle accelerators and detectors. Accelerators boost beams of particles to high energies before they are made to collide with each other or with stationary targets. Detectors observe and record the results of these collisions.
Founded in 1954, the CERN Laboratory sits astride the Franco–Swiss border near Geneva. It was one of Europe’s first joint ventures and now has 22 Member States.
Related links:
Large Hadron Collider (LHC): http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/large-hadron-collider
CMS experiments: http://home.web.cern.ch/about/experiments/cms
ATLAS experiments: http://home.web.cern.ch/about/experiments/atlas
Standard Model predictions for the Higgs boson: http://home.web.cern.ch/about/physics/standard-model
Higgs boson: http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/higgs-boson
For more information about the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), visit: http://home.web.cern.ch/
Image (mentioned), Text, Credits: CERN/Cian O'Luanaigh/André David.
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