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15 April 2015
Dark matter may not be completely dark after all
Hubble image of the galaxy cluster Abell 3827
For the first time dark matter may have been observed interacting with other dark matter in a way other than through the force of gravity. Observations of colliding galaxies made with ESO’s Very Large Telescope and the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have picked up the first intriguing hints about the nature of this mysterious component of the Universe.
Using the MUSE instrument on ESO’s VLT in Chile, along with images from Hubble in orbit, a team of astronomers studied the simultaneous collision of four galaxies in the galaxy cluster Abell 3827. The team could trace out where the mass lies within the system and compare the distribution of the dark matter with the positions of the luminous galaxies.
Although dark matter cannot be seen, the team could deduce its location using a technique called gravitational lensing. The collision happened to take place directly in front of a much more distant, unrelated source. The mass of dark matter around the colliding galaxies severely distorted spacetime, deviating the path of light rays coming from the distant background galaxy — and distorting its image into characteristic arc shapes.
Hubble image of galaxy cluster Abell 3827 showing dark matter distribution
Our current understanding is that all galaxies exist inside clumps of dark matter. Without the constraining effect of dark matter’s gravity, galaxies like the Milky Way would fling themselves apart as they rotate. In order to prevent this, 85 percent of the Universe’s mass [1] must exist as dark matter, and yet its true nature remains a mystery.
In this study, the researchers observed the four colliding galaxies and found that one dark matter clump appeared to be lagging behind the galaxy it surrounds. The dark matter is currently 5000 light-years (50 000 million million kilometres) behind the galaxy — it would take NASA’s Voyager spacecraft 90 million years to travel that far.
A lag between dark matter and its associated galaxy is predicted during collisions if dark matter interacts with itself, even very slightly, through forces other than gravity [2]. Dark matter has never before been observed interacting in any way other than through the force of gravity.
Lead author Richard Massey at Durham University, explains: “We used to think that dark matter just sits around, minding its own business, except for its gravitational pull. But if dark matter were being slowed down during this collision, it could be the first evidence for rich physics in the dark sector — the hidden Universe all around us.”
Hubble view of the galaxy cluster Abell 3827
The researchers note that more investigation will be needed into other effects that could also produce a lag. Similar observations of more galaxies, and computer simulations of galaxy collisions will need to be made.
Team member Liliya Williams of the University of Minnesota adds: “We know that dark matter exists because of the way that it interacts gravitationally, helping to shape the Universe, but we still know embarrassingly little about what dark matter actually is. Our observation suggests that dark matter might interact with forces other than gravity, meaning we could rule out some key theories about what dark matter might be.”
This result follows on from a recent result from the team which observed 72 collisions between galaxy clusters [3] and found that dark matter interacts very little with itself. The new work however concerns the motion of individual galaxies, rather than clusters of galaxies. Researchers say that the collision between these galaxies could have lasted longer than the collisions observed in the previous study — allowing the effects of even a tiny frictional force to build up over time and create a measurable lag [4].
Taken together, the two results bracket the behaviour of dark matter for the first time. Dark matter interacts more than this, but less than that. Massey added: “We are finally homing in on dark matter from above and below — squeezing our knowledge from two directions.”
Notes:
[1] Astronomers have found that the total mass/energy content of the Universe is split in the proportions 68% dark energy, 27% dark matter and 5% “normal” matter. So the 85% figure relates to the fraction of “matter” that is dark.
[2] Computer simulations show that the extra friction from the collision would make the dark matter slow down. The nature of that interaction is unknown; it could be caused by well-known effects or some exotic unknown force. All that can be said at this point is that it is not gravity.
All four galaxies might have been separated from their dark matter. But we happen to have a very good measurement from only one galaxy, because it is by chance aligned so well with the background, gravitationally lensed object. With the other three galaxies, the lensed images are further away, so the constraints on the location of their dark matter too loose to draw statistically significant conclusions.
[3] Galaxy clusters contain up to a thousand individual galaxies.
[4] The main uncertainty in the result is the timespan for the collision: the friction that slowed the dark matter could have been a very weak force acting over about a billion years, or a relatively stronger force acting for “only” 100 million years.
More information:
This research was presented in a paper entitled “The behaviour of dark matter associated with 4 bright cluster galaxies located in the 10 kpc core of Abell 3827” to appear in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on 15 April 2015.
The team is composed of R. Massey (Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham, UK), L. Williams (School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA), R. Smit (Institute for Computational Cosmology, UK), M. Swinbank (Institute for Computational Cosmology, UK), T. D. Kitching (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, Surrey, UK), D. Harvey (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Observatoire de Sauverny, Versoix, Switzerland), H. Israel (Institute for Computational Cosmology, UK), M. Jauzac (Institute for Computational Cosmology, UK; Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa), D. Clowe (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA), A. Edge (Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK), M. Hilton (Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, South Africa), E. Jullo (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, Université d’Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France), A. Leonard (University College London, London, UK), J. Liesenborgs (Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium), J. Merten (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA), I. Mohammed (Physik-Institüt, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland), D. Nagai (Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA), J. Richard (Observatoire de Lyon, Université Lyon, Saint Genis Laval, France), A. Robertson (Institute for Computational Cosmology, UK), P. Saha (Physik-Institüt, Switzerland), R. Santana (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA), J. Stott (Department of Physics, Durham, UK) and E. Tittley (Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, UK).
ESO is the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organisation in Europe and the world’s most productive ground-based astronomical observatory by far. It is supported by 16 countries: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, along with the host state of Chile. ESO carries out an ambitious programme focused on the design, construction and operation of powerful ground-based observing facilities enabling astronomers to make important scientific discoveries. ESO also plays a leading role in promoting and organising cooperation in astronomical research. ESO operates three unique world-class observing sites in Chile: La Silla, Paranal and Chajnantor. At Paranal, ESO operates the Very Large Telescope, the world’s most advanced visible-light astronomical observatory and two survey telescopes. VISTA works in the infrared and is the world’s largest survey telescope and the VLT Survey Telescope is the largest telescope designed to exclusively survey the skies in visible light. ESO is a major partner in ALMA, the largest astronomical project in existence. And on Cerro Armazones, close to Paranal, ESO is building the 39-metre European Extremely Large Telescope, the E-ELT, which will become “the world’s biggest eye on the sky”.
Links:
Research paper: http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1514/eso1514a.pdf
Photos of the VLT: http://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/category/paranal/
Related links:
MUSE instrument: http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/
ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT): http://www.eso.org/vlt
Hubble Space Telescope: http://www.spacetelescope.org/
Images, Text, Credits: ESO/R. Massey/ESA/NASA/Video: NASA, ESA. Music: Johan B. Monell (www.johanmonell.com).
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