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1 October 2018
MUSE spectrograph reveals that nearly the entire sky in the early Universe is glowing with Lyman-alpha emission
A Universe Aglow
Deep observations made with the MUSE spectrograph on ESO’s Very Large Telescope have uncovered vast cosmic reservoirs of atomic hydrogen surrounding distant galaxies. The exquisite sensitivity of MUSE allowed for direct observations of dim clouds of hydrogen glowing with Lyman-alpha emission in the early Universe — revealing that almost the whole night sky is invisibly aglow.
An unexpected abundance of Lyman-alpha emission in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) region was discovered by an international team of astronomers using the MUSE instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT). The discovered emission covers nearly the entire field of view — leading the team to extrapolate that almost all of the sky is invisibly glowing with Lyman-alpha emission from the early Universe [1].
Digitized Sky Survey image around the Hubble ultra Deep Field
Astronomers have long been accustomed to the sky looking wildly different at different wavelengths, but the extent of the observed Lyman-alpha emission was still surprising. “Realising that the whole sky glows in optical when observing the Lyman-alpha emission from distant clouds of hydrogen was a literally eye-opening surprise,” explained Kasper Borello Schmidt, a member of the team of astronomers behind this result.
“This is a great discovery!” added team member Themiya Nanayakkara. “Next time you look at the moonless night sky and see the stars, imagine the unseen glow of hydrogen: the first building block of the universe, illuminating the whole night sky.”
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field in the constellation of Fornax
The HUDF region the team observed is an otherwise unremarkable area in the constellation of Fornax (the Furnace), which was famously mapped by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope in 2004, when Hubble spent more than 270 hours of precious observing time looking deeper than ever before into this region of space.
The HUDF observations revealed thousands of galaxies scattered across what appeared to be a dark patch of sky, giving us a humbling view of the scale of the Universe. Now, the outstanding capabilities of MUSE have allowed us to peer even deeper. The detection of Lyman-alpha emission in the HUDF is the first time astronomers have been able to see this faint emission from the gaseous envelopes of the earliest galaxies. This composite image shows the Lyman-alpha radiation in blue superimposed on the iconic HUDF image.
MUSE, the instrument behind these latest observations, is a state-of-the-art integral field spectrograph installed on Unit Telescope 4 of the VLT at ESO’s Paranal Observatory [2]. When MUSE observes the sky, it sees the distribution of wavelengths in the light striking every pixel in its detector. Looking at the full spectrum of light from astronomical objects provides us with deep insights into the astrophysical processes occurring in the Universe [3].
"With these MUSE observations, we get a completely new view on the diffuse gas 'cocoons' that surround galaxies in the early Universe," commented Philipp Richter, another member of the team.
ESOcast 178 Light: A Universe Aglow
The international team of astronomers who made these observations have tentatively identified what is causing these distant clouds of hydrogen to emit Lyman-alpha, but the precise cause remains a mystery. However, as this faint omnipresent glow is thought to be ubiquitous in the night sky, future research is expected to shed light on its origin.
“In the future, we plan to make even more sensitive measurements,” concluded Lutz Wisotzki, leader of the team. “We want to find out the details of how these vast cosmic reservoirs of atomic hydrogen are distributed in space.”
Notes:
[1] Light travels astonishingly quickly, but at a finite speed, meaning that the light reaching Earth from extremely distant galaxies took a long time to travel, giving us a window to the past, when the Universe was much younger.
[2] Unit Telescope 4 of the VLT, Yepun, hosts a suite of exceptional scientific instruments and technologically advanced systems, including the Adaptive Optics Facility, which was recently awarded the 2018 Paul F. Forman Team Engineering Excellence Award by the American Optical Society.
[3] The Lyman-alpha radiation that MUSE observed originates from atomic electron transitions in hydrogen atoms which radiate light with a wavelength of around 122 nanometres. As such, this radiation is fully absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere. Only red-shifted Lyman-alpha emission from extremely distant galaxies has a long enough wavelength to pass through Earth’s atmosphere unimpeded and be detected using ESO’s ground-based telescopes.
More information:
This research was presented in a paper titled “Nearly 100% of the sky is covered by Lyman-α emission around high redshift galaxies” which was published today in the journal Nature.
The team is composed of Lutz Wisotzki (Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, Germany), Roland Bacon (CRAL - CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, France), Jarle Brinchmann (Universiteit Leiden, the Netherlands; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, Portugal), Sebastiano Cantalupo (ETH Zürich, Switzerland), Philipp Richter (Universität Potsdam, Germany), Joop Schaye (Universiteit Leiden, the Netherlands), Kasper B. Schmidt (Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, Germany), Tanya Urrutia (Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, Germany), Peter M. Weilbacher (Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, Germany), Mohammad Akhlaghi (CRAL - CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, France), Nicolas Bouché (Université de Toulouse, France), Thierry Contini (Université de Toulouse, France), Bruno Guiderdoni (CRAL - CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, L’Université de Lyon, France), Edmund C. Herenz (Stockholms universitet, Sweden), Hanae Inami (L’Université de Lyon, France), Josephine Kerutt (Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, Germany), Floriane Leclercq (CRAL - CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon,L’Université de Lyon, France), Raffaella A. Marino (ETH Zürich, Switzerland), Michael Maseda (Universiteit Leiden, the Netherlands), Ana Monreal-Ibero (Instituto Astrofísica de Canarias, Spain; Universidad de La Laguna, Spain), Themiya Nanayakkara (Universiteit Leiden, the Netherlands), Johan Richard (CRAL - CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon,L’Université de Lyon, France), Rikke Saust (Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, Germany), Matthias Steinmetz (Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, Germany), and Martin Wendt (Universität Potsdam, Germany).
ESO is the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organisation in Europe and the world’s most productive ground-based astronomical observatory by far. It has 16 Member States: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, along with the host state of Chile and with Australia as a strategic partner. ESO carries out an ambitious programme focused on the design, construction and operation of powerful ground-based observing facilities enabling astronomers to make important scientific discoveries. ESO also plays a leading role in promoting and organising cooperation in astronomical research. ESO operates three unique world-class observing sites in Chile: La Silla, Paranal and Chajnantor. At Paranal, ESO operates the Very Large Telescope and its world-leading Very Large Telescope Interferometer as well as two survey telescopes, VISTA working in the infrared and the visible-light VLT Survey Telescope. ESO is also a major partner in two facilities on Chajnantor, APEX and ALMA, the largest astronomical project in existence. And on Cerro Armazones, close to Paranal, ESO is building the 39-metre Extremely Large Telescope, the ELT, which will become “the world’s biggest eye on the sky”.
Links:
Photos of MUSE: https://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/search/?subject_name=MUSE
Photos of the VLT: http://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/category/paranal/
MUSE instrument: https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/
Very Large Telescope (VLT): https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/
Adaptive Optics Facility: https://www.eso.org/public/blog/adaptive-optics-facility/
ESO’s Paranal Observatory: https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/
NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope: https://www.spacetelescope.org/
Images, Text, Credits: ESO/Calum Turner/MUSE Principal Investigator / Lyon Centre for Astrophysics Research (CRAL)/Roland Bacon/Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam/Lutz Wisotzki/ESA/Hubble & NASA, ESO/ Lutz Wisotzki et al./ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2. Acknowledgment: Davide De Martin/IAU and Sky & Telescope/Video: ESO, F. Kamphues, Digitized Sky Survey 2, Lutz Wisotzki et al, MUSE Consortium, R. Bacon and J. Pérez.
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