Orbiter.ch Space News: Resupply Mission for NASA Carries Scientific Experiments to Space Station

lundi 17 octobre 2022

Resupply Mission for NASA Carries Scientific Experiments to Space Station

Northrop Grumman - Cygnus NG-18 Mission patch.

Oct 17, 2022

The 18th Northrop Grumman commercial resupply services mission for NASA to the International Space Station carries scientific investigations of topics such as plant mutations and mudflow structure along with a demonstration of camera technology and small satellites from Japan, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The Cygnus spacecraft carrying these investigations to the orbiting laboratory is scheduled for liftoff no earlier than November 6 from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island, Virginia.

Here are details on some of the scientific investigations traveling to the space station on this mission:

Bioprinting tissues

The BioFabrication Facility (BFF) successfully printed a partial human knee meniscus and a large volume of human heart cells during its first trip to space in 2019. Now the payload is returning to the microgravity laboratory with new capabilities to further human tissue printing research.

Image above: The BioFabrication Facility (BFF), shown here with the ADvanced Space Experiment Processor (ADSEP), returns to the space station after upgrades. The facility hosts BFF-Meniscus-2, which attempts to 3D print a meniscus, or knee cartilage tissue, using bioinks and cells. Image Credit: Redwire.

The 3D bioprinter tests whether microgravity enables the printing of tissue samples of higher quality than those printed on the ground. The long-term goal is to use 3D bioprinting technologies to help alleviate organ shortages for patients in need of transplants by printing replacement organs and tissues.

“The research being conducted with BFF has exciting implications for the future of human health," said Redwire executive vice president of In-Space Manufacturing and Operations John Vellinger. “Besides providing a clear benefit to our lives on Earth, advancing this technology on the International Space Station now is a great way to prepare for work on the commercial space stations of the future, which could be outfitted with critical research technology such as BFF.”

Launching on a future mission, BFF-Meniscus-2 will use the upgraded facility to evaluate using BFF to 3D print knee cartilage tissue using bioinks and cells. Demonstration of further capabilities for tissue fabrication in space also supports continued and expanded commercial use of the space station for fabricating tissues and organs for transplant on the ground. BFF-Meniscus-2 is sponsored by the ISS National Lab.

Assessing how plants adapt to space

Plants exposed to spaceflight undergo changes that involve the addition of extra information to their DNA, which regulates how genes turn on or off but does not change the sequence of the DNA itself. This process is known as epigenetic change. Plant Habitat-03 assesses whether such adaptations in one generation of plants grown in space can transfer to the next generation.

Image above: Plants inside NASA's Kennedy Space Center’s Advanced Plant Habitat are shown with two of the four seed bags for collecting seeds on orbit for the Plant Habitat-03 investigation. The seeds return to Earth and later will be flown back to space. Results could help determine whether second generation space adaptations continue or stabilize. Image Credit: Anna-Lisa Paul.

The long-term goal of the investigation is to understand how epigenetics can contribute to adaptive strategies plants use in space and, ultimately, to develop plants better suited for use on future missions to provide food and other services. Results also could support the development of strategies for adapting crops and other economically important plants for growth in marginal and reclaimed habitats on Earth.

In earlier experiments, researchers noticed that many genes associated with epigenetic modifications in plants were expressed differently in space. In additional studies, researchers caused plants to be deficient in key genes associated with specific epigenetic change. These plants were more affected by spaceflight than their wild-type (naturally occurring) counterparts and ground controls.

“This suggests that these changes play an important role in the physiological adaptation of plants to the spaceflight environment,” says principal investigator Anna-Lisa Paul, a professor at University of Florida. “The next question, and the subject of this experiment, is whether these spaceflight-induced epigenetic changes are carried to the next generation of plants and could confer an adaptive advantage for that environment.”

Mudflow mixtures

Climate change and global warming are contributing to increasing occurrence of wildfires. When a wildfire burns plants, combusted chemicals create a thin layer of soil that repels rainwater. Rain then erodes the soil and can turn into catastrophic mudflows that carry heavy boulders and debris downhill, causing significant damage to infrastructure, watersheds, and human life. Post-Wildfire Mudflow Micro-Structure (TangoLab Mission-28), sponsored by the ISS National Lab, evaluates the composition of these mudflows, which include sand, water, and trapped air.

Image above: A water droplet on the flat surface of hydrophobic fine sand stands up and has a more rounded shape than compared to normal hydrophilic sand. Catastrophic Post-Wildfire Mudflows studies the formation and stability of this bubble-sand structure in microgravity to improve the understanding, modeling, and predicting of mudflows and supports development of innovative solutions to prevent catastrophic post-fire events. Image Credits: UCSD Geo-Micromechanics Research Group.

“Gravity plays a crucial role in the process by driving air up and out of the mixture and particles down to the bottom of the water,” says Ingrid Tomac, an assistant professor in the University of California San Diego’s Structural Engineering Department. “Removing gravity, therefore, could provide insights into the internal structure dynamics of these sand-water-air mixtures and a baseline for their behavior. “

Results could improve understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that govern post-wildfire debris movement, including how mudflows trap air bubbles and can carry heavy boulders. This investigation also could help develop and validate fundamental equations to model and predict the spread and velocity of debris flows and their effect on houses, infrastructure, and natural obstacles.

Ovarian cell development in microgravity

Sponsored by NASA and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and coordinated by ASI, OVOSPACE examines the effect of microgravity on bovine cell cultures, research that could improve fertility treatments on Earth and help prepare for future human settlement in space.

Image above: This image shows Granulosa cells from mammalian bovine ovaries, which modulate maturation of eggs and play a role in fertility. The OVOSPACE investigation examines whether microgravity affects these and other ovarian cells. Image Credits: Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.

Principal investigator Mariano Bizzarri, with the Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, explains that living for prolonged times in the reduced gravity of the Moon or Mars could impair fertility.

“This threatens the goal of establishing permanent or extended settlements beyond Earth,” Bizzari says. “Deregulation of the reproductive functions also may pose additional health risks. Our results could improve understanding of egg development and identify targets for countermeasures and treatments to protect reproductive potential on space missions. This investigation also could support development of treatments to improve or restore fertility in people on Earth.”

First satellites from Uganda and Zimbabwe

BIRDS-5 is a constellation of CubeSats: PEARLAFRICASAT-1, the first satellite developed by Uganda; ZIMSAT-1, Zimbabwe’s first satellite; and TAKA from Japan. BIRDS-5 performs multispectral observations of Earth using a commercial off-the-shelf camera and demonstrates a high-energy electronic measuring instrument. The statistical data collected could help distinguish bare ground from forest and farmland and possibly indicate the quality of agricultural growth. This could help improve the livelihood of citizens of Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Image above: The BIRDS-5 Zimbabwe team conducts vibration testing for their CubeSat to be deployed from the space station. Image Credit: BIRDS-5.

A cross-border university project, BIRDS provides students from developing nations with hands-on satellite development, laying a foundation for similar space technology projects in their home countries that ultimately could lead to sustainable space programs there.

Science Launching on Northrop Grumman's CRS-18 Mission to the Space Station

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