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Dec 13, 2022
The finding will help space- and balloon-based searches for antimatter that may have originated from dark matter
Image above: Artist's impression of the ALICE study of the transparency of the Milky Way to antimatter (Image: ORIGINS Cluster, Technical University Munich).
The antimatter counterpart of a light atomic nucleus can travel a long distance in the Milky Way without being absorbed, shows the international ALICE collaboration in an article published yesterday in Nature Physics. The finding, obtained by feeding data on antihelium nuclei produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) into models, will help space- and balloon-based searches for antimatter that may have originated from dark matter.
Light antimatter nuclei such as antideuteron and antihelium have been produced on Earth, at particle accelerators, but they have yet to be observed with certainty coming from outer space. In space, such antinuclei, as well as antiprotons, could be created in collisions between cosmic rays and the interstellar medium, but they could also be produced when hypothetical particles that may make up the dark matter that pervades the Universe annihilate each other.
Space-based experiments such as AMS, which was assembled at CERN and is installed on the International Space Station, are therefore looking for light antimatter nuclei in an effort to search for dark matter, as will the upcoming GAPS balloon mission.
To find out whether dark matter is the source behind any potential detections of light antinuclei from outer space, physicists need to determine the number, or more precisely the “flux”, of light antinuclei that is expected to reach the near-Earth location of these experiments. This flux depends on features such as the exact type of antimatter source in our Galaxy and the rate at which it produces antinuclei, but also on the rate at which the antinuclei should later disappear through annihilation or absorption when they encounter normal matter on their journey to Earth.
The latter is where the new study from the ALICE collaboration comes in. By investigating how antihelium-3 nuclei (1) produced in collisions of heavy ions and of protons at the LHC interact with the ALICE detector, the ALICE researchers were able to measure, for the first time, the rate at which antihelium-3 nuclei disappear when they encounter normal matter. In this analysis, the ALICE detector’s material serves as the normal matter with which the antinuclei interact.
ALICE Schematics as during RUN2 (Image: CERN)
Next, the ALICE researchers incorporated the obtained disappearance rate into a publicly available computer programme called GALPROP, which simulates the propagation of cosmic particles, including antinuclei, in the Galaxy. They considered two models of the flux of antihelium-3 nuclei expected near Earth after the nuclei’s journey from sources in the Milky Way. One model assumes that the sources are cosmic-ray collisions with the interstellar medium, and the other describes them as hypothetical dark-matter particles called weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs).
For each model, the ALICE team then estimated the transparency of the Milky Way to antihelium-3 nuclei, that is, the Galaxy’s ability to let the nuclei through without being absorbed. They did so by dividing the flux obtained with and without antinuclei disappearance.
For the dark-matter model, the ALICE researchers obtained a transparency of about 50%, whereas for the cosmic-ray model the transparency ranged from 25% to 90% depending on the energy of the antinucleus. These transparency values show that antihelium-3 nuclei originating from dark matter or cosmic-ray collisions can travel long distances – of several kiloparsecs (2) – in the Milky Way without being absorbed.
“Our results show, for the first time on the basis of a direct absorption measurement, that antihelium-3 nuclei coming from as far as the centre of our Galaxy can reach near-Earth locations,” says ALICE physics coordinator Andrea Dainese.
“Our findings demonstrate that searches for light antimatter nuclei from outer space remain a powerful way to hunt for dark matter,” says ALICE spokesperson Luciano Musa.
First measurement of the absorption of anti-3He by ALICE
Video above: First measurement of the absorption of anti-3He nuclei in matter and impact on their propagation in the galaxy. (Video: ORIGINS Cluster, Technical University Munich).
(1) Antihelium-3 nuclei are made up of two antiprotons and one antineutron, the antimatter equivalents of the proton and the neutron, respectively.
(2) One kiloparsec is a thousand parsecs. One parsec is about 31 trillion kilometres.
Note:
CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is one of the world’s largest and most respected centres for scientific research. Its business is fundamental physics, finding out what the Universe is made of and how it works. At CERN, the world’s largest and most complex scientific instruments are used to study the basic constituents of matter — the fundamental particles. By studying what happens when these particles collide, physicists learn about the laws of Nature.
The instruments used at CERN are particle accelerators and detectors. Accelerators boost beams of particles to high energies before they are made to collide with each other or with stationary targets. Detectors observe and record the results of these collisions.
Founded in 1954, the CERN Laboratory sits astride the Franco–Swiss border near Geneva. It was one of Europe’s first joint ventures and now has 23 Member States.
Related links:
Nature Physics: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-022-01804-8
ALICE experiment: https://home.cern/science/experiments/alice
Large Hadron Collider (LHC): https://home.cern/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider
AMS experiment (on ISS): https://home.cern/science/experiments/ams
GAPS balloon mission: https://gaps1.astro.ucla.edu/gaps/
Antimatter: https://home.cern/science/physics/antimatter
Dark matter: https://home.cern/science/physics/dark-matter
Cosmic rays: https://home.cern/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space
For more information about European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Visit: https://home.cern/
Images (mentioned), Video (mentioned), Text, Credits: CERN/ALICE collaboration.
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