jeudi 2 février 2023

The Impact of the Overview Effect White Paper

 







The Overview Effect - Book cover.


Feb 2, 2023

Summary:

This whitepaper reviews the philosophical, technological, and financial impacts of the Overview Effect. The Overview Effect refers to the experience of astronauts, cosmonauts, and other space travelers when they see the Earth from space and in space.

The Impact of the Overview Effect
 
The Overview Effect is one of those singular experiences that has major philosophical, technological, and financial impact. The Overview Effect is understood by the vast majority of people as a paradigm-shifting philosophy, offering humanity a new understanding of who we are, where we are in the universe, and where we are going on “Spaceship Earth” in the centuries that lie ahead of us.

It is indeed that, but it is also a social science theory, a psychological perspective, and much more.

Image above: Earthrise, Photo Taken on December 24, 1968, by Apollo 8 Astronaut William Anders. Image Credits: NASA/Apollo 8/William Anders.

In relation to society on a daily basis, it is the experience provided by satellites in Low Earth Orbit and Geosynchronous Orbit that gives just about everyone on Earth a daily sense of connection. Through the Internet, for example, we can communicate as easily with someone 3,000 miles away as we can with someone in the office next to us. It is, in part, satellites that make this collapsing of time and space possible.

Earth-observing satellites, on the other hand, provide us with high-resolution pictures of the Earth continuously, laying the foundation for a new discipline, known as “planetary management,” in which terrestrial resources can be used most effectively to serve the entire terrestrial population.

These are only two examples of how space-based technological assets benefit life on Earth. There are, of course, many more.

Does it seem a “bridge too far” to suggest that the Overview Effect exerts an impact on finance and investment in SpaceTech? It may feel that way, but minimal investigation shows that it is central to the future financial promise of SpaceTech, especially space tourism.

Warmest, Frank.

Research Provider: Intro-act
Research Curator: Frank White

About Frank White:

Author. Space Philosopher. Consultant.

Frank White

Frank White has authored or coauthored numerous books on topics ranging from space exploration to climate change to artificial intelligence. His best-known work, The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, is considered by many to be a seminal work in the field of space exploration. A film called "Overview," based largely on his work, has had nearly 8 million plays on Vimeo.

Since the first edition of his book on the subject was published in 1987, "the Overview Effect" has become a standard term for describing the spaceflight experience. The fourth edition of The Overview Effect, including original interviews with 31 astronauts, is scheduled for publication in 2019.

White considers himself to be a "space philosopher," and has long advocated developing a new philosophy of space exploration. His book on this topic, The Cosma Hypothesis: Implications of the Overview Effect, has just been published. In it, he asks the fundamental question, "What is the purpose of human space exploration? Why has the evolutionary process brought humanity to the brink of becoming a spacefaring species?"

In the book, he shares the idea of "the Human Space Program" as a "central project" that will engage all of us in the process of becoming "Citizens of the Universe."

Frank and his wife Donna live outside Boston, Massachusetts.

Frank White website: https://frankwhiteauthor.com/

Best regards, Orbiter.ch

SpaceX Starlink 71 launch

 







SpaceX - Falcon 9 / Starlink Mission patch.


Feb 2, 2023

Falcon 9 carrying Starlink 71 liftoff

A SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle launched 53 Starlink satellites (Starlink-71 / Starlink 5-3) to low-Earth orbit, from Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on 2 February 2023, at 07:58 UTC (02:58 EST).

SpaceX Starlink 71 launch & Falcon 9 first stage landing, 2 February 2023

Following stage separation, Falcon 9’s first stage landed on the “A Shortfall of Gravitas” droneship,  stationed in the Atlantic Ocean. 

Falcon 9’s first stage landed on the “A Shortfall of Gravitas” droneship

Falcon 9’s first stage (B1069) previously supported four missions: CRS-24, Eutelsat HOTBIRD 13F, OneWeb 15 and one Starlink mission.

Related links:

SpaceX: https://www.spacex.com/

Starlink: https://www.starlink.com/

Image, Video, Text, Credits: SpaceX/SciNews/Orbiter.ch Aerospace/Roland Berga.

Greetings, Orbiter.ch

mercredi 1 février 2023

Station is GO for Thursday Spacewalk as Space Research Keeps Up

 







ISS - Expedition 68 Mission patch.


Feb 1, 2023

Mission managers have given the “go” for two astronauts to exit the International Space Station on Thursday and conduct a seven-hour spacewalk. While the spacewalk preparations were under way, the rest of the Expedition 68 crew kept up its ongoing schedule of human research, botany, and physics experiments.

Flight Engineers Nicole Mann of NASA and Koichi Wakata of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) will set their Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMUs), or spacesuits, to battery power at 8:15 a.m. EST on Thursday. After their EMUs are set to battery power, the astronauts’ spacewalk officially begins and they will exit the Quest airlock into the vacuum of space and maneuver to the starboard truss structure. Once they arrive at the Starboard-4 truss, they will complete a modification kit installation job they began on Jan. 20 to prepare the station for its next roll-out solar array.

Image above: Astronaut Nicole Mann is pictured in her spacesuit after completing a spacewalk to modify the station’s power generation system on Jan. 20. Image Credit: NASA.

Mann and Wakata started Wednesday readying their spacesuits and its components inside Quest. Afterward, NASA Flight Engineer Frank Rubio joined the duo and began organizing spacewalking tools and hardware before a final procedures review and a conference with specialists on the ground. Roscosmos Flight Engineer Anna Kikina also handed the spacewalking astronauts dosimeters, or radiation detectors, to attach to their spacesuits. NASA TV, on the agency’s app and website, will begin its live spacewalk coverage at 6:45 a.m. on Thursday.

Rubio began his day with NASA Flight Engineer Josh Cassada collecting and processing blood samples for spinning in a centrifuge, stowage in a science freezer, and later analysis. The pair then split up configuring advanced research hardware and an ultra-high resolution video camera. Cassada relocated two TangoLab facilities from a research rack in the Destiny laboratory module to a research rack in the Columbus laboratory module. The TangoLab cube modules enable a variety of space research from microbiology to chemistry. Cassada also watered tomato plants growing for the Veg-05 space botany study. Rubio installed the Sphere Camera-1 inside Destiny to evaluate its ultra-high resolution capabilities that may assist future space travelers with vehicle inspections, as well as Earth and space observations.

International Space Station (ISS). Animation Credit: ESA

Commander Sergey Prokopyev continued testing a 3-D printer checking its performance while being controlled from a computer. Roscosmos Flight Engineer Dmitri Petelin worked throughout the day packing the ISS Progress 82 resupply ship with trash and discarded gear before replacing air filters inside the Zvezda service module. Kikina, after handing over radiation detectors in the morning, worked inside the Nauka multipurpose laboratory module testing operations with the European robotic arm.

Related article:

NASA to Air Live Coverage of Spacewalk for Power System Upgrades
https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-air-live-coverage-of-spacewalk-for-power-system-upgrades

Related links:

NASA TV: https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/index.html

Expedition 68: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition68/index.html

Quest airlock: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/joint-quest-airlock

Starboard truss structure: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/truss-structure

Science freezer: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Facility.html?#id=56

TangoLab: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Facility.html?#id=7519

Destiny laboratory module: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/us-destiny-laboratory

Columbus laboratory module: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/europe-columbus-laboratory

Veg-05: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?#id=7443

Sphere Camera-1: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?#id=8815

Zvezda service module: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/zvezda-service-module.html

Nauka multipurpose laboratory module: https://www.roscosmos.ru/tag/nauka/

Space Station Research and Technology: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/overview.html

International Space Station (ISS): https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html

Image (mentioned), Animation (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Mark Garcia.

Best regards, Orbiter.ch

Hubble Views a Stellar Duo in Orion Nebula

 







NASA / ESA - Hubble Space Telescope (HST) patch.


Feb 1, 2023

The bright variable star V 372 Orionis takes center stage in this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, which has also captured a smaller companion star in the upper left of this image. Both stars lie in the Orion Nebula, a colossal region of star formation roughly 1,450 light-years from Earth.

V 372 Orionis is a particular type of variable star known as an Orion Variable. These young stars experience some tempestuous moods and growing pains, which are visible to astronomers as irregular variations in luminosity. Orion Variables are often associated with diffuse nebulae, and V 372 Orionis is no exception; the patchy gas and dust of the Orion Nebula pervade this scene.

This image overlays data from two of Hubble’s instruments. Data from the Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Camera 3 at infrared and visible wavelengths were layered to reveal rich details of this corner of the Orion Nebula. Hubble also left its own subtle signature on this astronomical portrait in the form of diffraction spikes that surround the bright stars. The four spikes around the brightest stars in this image form when an intense point source of light, such as starlight, interacts with the four vanes inside Hubble that support the telescope’s secondary mirror. The diffraction spikes of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, on the other hand, are six-pointed due to Webb’s hexagonal mirror segments and 3-legged support structure for the secondary mirror.

Hubble Space Telescope (HST)

For more information about Hubble, visit:

http://hubblesite.org/

http://www.nasa.gov/hubble

https://esahubble.org/

Advanced Camera for Surveys: https://www.nasa.gov/content/observatory-instruments-advanced-camera-for-surveys

Wide Field Camera 3: https://www.nasa.gov/content/observatory-instruments-wide-field-camera-3

Text Credits: European Space Agency (ESA)/NASA/Andrea Gianopoulos/Image, Animation Credits: ESA/Hubble & NASA, J. Bally, M. Robberto.

Greetings, Orbiter.ch

Could NASA’s Studies on Hibernating Squirrels Help Astronauts?

 







 

NASA - Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCOR) logo.

Feb 1, 2023

Can studying sleeping Arctic ground squirrels help astronauts and further NASA’s mission? Dr. Kelly Drew and her students studied hibernating squirrels and their ability to retain muscle and bone mass during extended hibernation and they think it could apply to astronauts.

Drew, a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks in Fairbanks, Alaska was awarded funds though through NASA Space Grant. Through the Alaska Space Grant Consortium, over 200 students and faculty have had the opportunity to further their research in areas such as - code and testing of autonomous systems, cameras to detect free electrons, and studying various characteristics of glaciers.

Image above: Senior biology major Colleen Bue holds a hibernating ground squirrel in Drew's lab in the Irving Building at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks in Fairbanks, Alaska. Image Credits: Todd Paris, University of Alaska.

Lessons learned through the study of hibernating Arctic ground squirrels can help researchers understand how the human body functions in a weightless environment. These animals are unique as they hibernate for eight to nine months out of the year while slowing their metabolism so much that their body temperature can drop below freezing without suffering the usual side effects like freezing, muscle loss, or loss of bone density during the long winter months.

This research could be used to help future missions, from the extreme of medically induced hibernation for long term space missions, protecting astronauts from cabin fever, ionizing radiation, and much more. It could also prove effective in preventing muscle and bone loss in zero gravity.

Image above: Senior biology major Colleen Bue assists Professor Kelly Drew with her research involving hibernating ground squirrels in Drew's lab at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks in Fairbanks, Alaska. Image Credits: Todd Paris, University of Alaska.

The work done with the Alaska Space Grant consortium, although not the primary focus of Drew’s research, has presented her with opportunities to explore ways of creating human applications from the work with the ground squirrels. She has dedicated a great deal of time and funding research into the work of hibernation in humans for neurocritical care applications, including medications that could aid in the process. This could mean that patients who have suffered from a stroke or heart attack could be placed in medically induced hibernation (keeping the body temperature cooler) to slow their metabolism until they can be transported to a hospital to receive care, which could significantly improve medical outcomes. For the past decade Drew has mentored interns through opportunities provided by Space Grant and NASA Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCOR) program.

Space Grant and NASA EPSCOR are a part of NASA STEM Engagement that strives to increase K-12 involvement in NASA projects, enhance higher education, support underrepresented communities, strengthen online education, and boost NASA's contribution to informal education. The intended outcome is a generation prepared to code, calculate, design, and discover its way to a new era of American innovation.

Related articles:

Flight in a dream - in reality
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2022/12/flight-in-dream-in-reality.html

Hibernate for a trip to Mars, the bear way
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2022/01/hibernate-for-trip-to-mars-bear-way.html

Hibernating astronauts would need smaller
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2019/11/hibernating-astronauts-would-need.html

Related links:

NASA Space Grant: https://www.nasa.gov/stem/spacegrant/about/index.html

NASA Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCOR): https://www.nasa.gov/stem/epscor/home/index.html

Armstrong Flight Research Center: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/home/index.html

Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Cody Lydon/Space Grant/Veronica Wilson/Armstrong Flight Research Center/Sarah Mann.

Greetings, Orbiter.ch

Curious comet’s rare close approach

 







ESA - ESASky logo.


Feb 1, 2023

In brief

Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) today makes its closest approach to Earth before likely leaving our Solar System forever. At billions of years old and not seen since Neanderthals roamed, the green comet continues to intrigue as it grows an apparent third tail and unexpectedly – but intriguingly – failed to wow scientists when observed in x-ray light.

Comet ZTF and its apparent three tails

Grab a pair of (good) binoculars and under dark skies look toward the celestial north pole over the next few days, for a chance to witness a beautiful piece of space history.

In-depth

“All comets indeed give evidence … of a lot of bad luck, affliction, peril and danger” wrote German author Thomas Hartmann in 1606, reflecting the fact that for a long time comets were deemed to be bad omens. Today, they are evidence of a lot, from the origin of the Solar System to life on Earth.

“We know of almost four thousand ‘home-grown’ comets that formed, like the planets, in the leftover cloud of swirling gas and dust that fell in on itself to form our Sun,” explains Marco Micheli, Astronomer in ESA’s Near-Earth Object Coordination Centre.

Comet ZTF's elongated orbit will likely see it never return

“118 of these are currently classified as ‘near-Earth comets’, and they’re being monitored closely as their orbit brings them across Earth’s own.”

Made up of dust, rock and ice, these "dirty snowballs" are the most pristine and untouched objects you can find, having changed very little over billions of years and so offering a window back to the forming of the Solar System. It is also thought that at least some of the water on Earth originated in comets that impacted our planet in its early years.

Not only does their chemical composition reveal a great deal, but just 70 years ago the motion of their tails revealed the presence of the solar wind.

Supersonic solar wind

Image above: The solar wind is a fast and constant stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, the corona. This wind consists of various particles and elements, including electrons, protons and alpha particles – consisting of two protons and two neutrons – as well as tiny amounts of more complex atomic nuclei such as carbon, oxygen and magnesium.

In the 1950s, inspired by discussions with colleagues on the nature of comet tails, the solar physicist Eugene Parker came up with the idea of a constant wind emanating from the Sun.

At the time of Parker’s revelation, everyone thought the space between the planets in the Solar System was almost empty. Parker's idea was very controversial, not only because it meant that the Sun could run out of mass, but also because his (correct) calculations meant the solar wind was supersonic.

Comet Swift-Tuttle is responsible for the annual Perseids meteor shower

As well as having tails, comets leave a trail of debris particles along their orbit that can span many millions of kilometres and linger for thousands, even millions of years.

As Earth orbits the Sun, it frequently flies through this debris (also left by asteroids), and as the matter burns up in our atmosphere it ‘falls’ creating regular meteor showers.

How many tails do you see?

Look closely, and you’ll spot that comets have two tails, one made of ionised gas and another of dust. As a comet approaches the inner Solar System, solar radiation causes volatile materials within the comet to vaporise into gas and stream out of the nucleus – the comet’s ‘head’ – carrying dust away with them.

In the dust tail, large grains scatter the sun’s light in all directions, some of which is detected by cameras and telescopes on Earth – like the moon and planets.

Image above: Look at images of comets where the Sun is also visible, and you’ll see that their tail is not streaming in the opposite direction of travel, as we may expect on Earth, but away from the Sun. A comet moving away from our star will have a tail outstretched in front of it!

In the ion tail, molecules are much smaller but glow through a process called ‘fluorescence’: ionised atoms and molecules in the gas are struck by photons of light which they absorb, becoming ‘excited’. They then spontaneously re-emit photons at another wavelength, in a different colour, depending on the molecule.

Comet ZTF's bright green glow reveals the chemicals it is made up of, with dicarbon dominating emissions in this part of the visible spectrum.

Image above: Comet ZTF's rare "anti-tail" points toward the sun. It is in fact all part of the dust tail, seen 'face on' from Earth.

“The two tails point in slightly different directions because the forces act on dust and ions in different ways. While the larger dust particles are pushed by pressure from sunlight, the ions are much lighter and electrically charged so are easily carried by the solar wind and its magnetic field,” explains Jorge Amaya from ESA’s Space Weather Office.

“Recently, a strange phenomenon has occurred with comet ZTF as it appears to have a third tail. This is, in fact, an optical illusion, due to our point of view of the dust trail.”

Disappointment to intrigue

Many ESA missions have been observing Comet ZTF, even those not focussed on Solar System science. XMM-Newton is one of them, one of the most powerful X-ray telescopes ever placed into orbit.

XMM-Newton

Scientists had expected it to be one of the brightest comets observed, because of its bright green hue. Disappointingly at first, but then intriguingly, the comet barely showed up in the X-rays. While no stunning images were produced, the results are scientifically very valuable.

Try to see it

During close approach comet ZTF will appear near the north celestial pole, currently about ten degrees away from the bright star Polaris. By the end of this week, it will be more than 30 degrees from the North Star.

The best visibility will be with a good pair of binoculars, with which it should appear as a fuzzy colourless object, (only photographic cameras register its peculiar green colour. If very lucky and under extremely dark skies, it will be visible with the naked eye.

Comets don’t pass by Earth very often, so catch Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) now, before it departs our Solar System for good.

Related links:

ESA’s Planetary Defence: https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Planetary_Defence

ESA’s Near-Earth Object Coordination Centre: https://www.esa.int/Links/OPS_-_Link_to_SSA_NEO-CC

ESA’s Space Weather Office: https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_weather

XMM-Newton: https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/XMM-Newton_overview

Images, Animation, Text, Credits: ESA/Oscar Martín (startrails.es)/2015 Miloslav Druckmüller, Shadia Habbal, Peter Aniol, Pavel Štarha/Eric Gorski, Flickr.

Best regards, Orbiter.ch

Will an AI be the first to discover alien life?

 





SETI Institute logo.


Feb 1, 2023

SETI, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, is deploying machine-learning algorithms that filter out Earthly interference and spot signals humans might miss.

Image above: Machine learning is good at picking out unconventional signals that might have come from an E.T. Image Credits: Universal Pictures/Allstar/Alamy.

From the hills of West Virginia to the flats of rural Australia, some of the world’s largest telescopes are listening for signals from distant alien civilizations. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence, known as SETI, is an effort to find artificial-looking electromagnetic-radiation signals that might have come from a technologically advanced civilization in a far-away solar system. A study published today (1) describes one of several efforts to use machine learning, a subset of artificial intelligence (AI), to help astronomers sift quickly through the reams of data such surveys yield. As AI reshapes many scientific fields, what promise does it hold for the search for life beyond Earth?

“It is a new era for SETI research that is opening up thanks to machine-learning technology,” says Franck Marchis, a planetary astronomer at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California.

The problem of big data is relatively new for SETI. For decades, the field was constrained by having hardly any data at all. Astronomer Frank Drake pioneered SETI in 1960, when he pointed a telescope in Green Bank, West Virginia, towards two stars and listened for radio transmissions. Most of the SETI searches that followed were also limited to a small number of stars.

But in 2015, billionaire Yuri Milner funded the biggest SETI programme ever, in Berkeley, California: the Breakthrough Listen project to search one million stars for signs of intelligent life. Using telescopes in West Virginia, Australia and South Africa, the project looks for radio emissions that come from the direction of a star and that change steadily in frequency, as would happen if an alien transmitter were on a planet moving with respect to Earth.

Data blizzard

The trouble is that these searches yield a blizzard of data — including false positives produced by Earthly interference from mobile phones, GPS and other aspects of modern life.

“The biggest challenge for us in looking for SETI signals is not at this point getting the data,” says Sofia Sheikh, an astronomer at the SETI Institute. “The difficult part is differentiating signals from human or Earth technology from the kind of signals we’d be looking for from technology somewhere else out in the Galaxy.”

Image above: The Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia is one of several helping to look for alien civilizations. Image Credits: Jim West/Alamy.

Going through millions of observations manually isn’t practical. A common alternative approach is to use algorithms that look for signals matching what astronomers think alien beacons could look like. But those algorithms can overlook potentially interesting signals that are slightly different from what astronomers are expecting.

Enter machine learning. Machine-learning algorithms are trained on large amounts of data and can learn to recognize features that are characteristic of Earthly interference, making them very good at filtering out the noise.

Overlooked signals

Machine learning is also good at picking up candidate extraterrestrial signals that don’t fall into conventional categories and so might have been missed by earlier methods, says Dan Werthimer, a SETI scientist at the University of California, Berkeley.

Peter Ma, a mathematician and physicist at the University of Toronto, Canada, and lead author of today’s paper, agrees. “We can’t always be anticipating what ET might send to us,” he says.

Ma and his colleagues sifted through Breakthrough Listen observations of 820 stars, made using the 100-metre Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope. They built machine-learning software to analyse the data; this netted nearly three million signals of interest but discarded most as Earth-based interference. Ma then manually reviewed more than 20,000 signals and narrowed them down to 8 intriguing candidates.

The search ultimately came up empty — all eight signals disappeared when the team listened again. But the methods could be used on other data, such as a flood of observations from the MeerKAT array of 64 radio telescopes in South Africa, which Breakthrough Listen began using in December. The machine-learning algorithms could also be used on archived SETI data, says Ma, to seek signals that might previously have been overlooked.

Citizen SETI

Machine learning is also at the heart of a separate SETI effort that will launch next month. On 14 February, astronomers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), will launch a community-science project in which volunteers from the public will sort through images of radio signals and classify them as potential types of interference, to train a machine-learning algorithm to search SETI data from Green Bank.

And AI can help with other stages of the SETI process. Werthimer and his colleagues have used machine learning to come up with a ranking of stars to be observed in an ongoing SETI project that uses the world’s largest single-dish telescope, the 500-metre FAST radio telescope in China.

Still, SETI will probably continue to use a mixture of classical and machine-learning approaches to sort through data, says Jean-Luc Margot, an astronomer at UCLA. Classical algorithms remain excellent at picking up candidate signals, and machine learning is “not a panacea”, he says.

“The machines can’t do it all, yet,” agrees Werthimer.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00258-z

Reference:

1. Ma, P. X. et al. Nature Astron. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01872-z (2023).

Related links:

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI): https://www.seti.org/

Search one million stars for signs of intelligent life: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2015.18016

Community-science project: http://arewealone.earth/

Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: SETI/Nature/Alexandra Witze.

Greetings, Orbiter.ch