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May 25, 2021
Preamble
Here the eighteenth (18.1) article of a series of articles by Ph.D. Morozov Sergey Lvovich, expert in chronology and calendar systems, as well as space biology and medicine, Parliamentarian of Asgardia (AMP) the first space Nation.
Ph.D. Morozov Sergey Lvovich
The colonization of Mars and other objects in the solar system will begin with the colonization of the moon. The wealth and power of civilization will grow by the Moon.
Abstract
There are three commonly used terms: geopolitics, astropolitics, and selenopolitics. I propose to supplement these terms with the new term "selenostrategy", combining under the latter all the actions of modern civilization (all states on Earth and their structures - state, private and public) to colonize the Moon (Selena). This is the novelty of the use of this proposed new scientific term. The existing similar term "selenopolitics" historically assumes a different content [1,2].
Key words: selenium strategy; selenopolitics; stationary and mobile Homeostatic Ark (HA); artificial gravity; the birth of the first man in space; space man and space humanity.
SELENOSTRATEGY
"The subjugation of outer space, in order to control through it over the Earth and its peoples, is called ethericcracy" (Selenopolitics. Comrade Halgen [2]).
Introduction
Space has now become the main national strategic project of six countries at once: Russia, the USA, the EU, China, Japan and India - and all six countries will populate (colonize) the Moon on a permanent basis, as the "seventh" continent of the Earth.
This is an objective new reality of the XXI century: this is no longer geopolitics, but not astropolitics either - it is a “selenostrategy”. Selenostrategy is a total strategy of civilization in the 21st century.
Aristotle divided the cosmos into two parts: supra-lunar and sublunar. The interests of civilization are currently focused on the Moon itself, since it, like Two-Faced Janus, unites both parts of the Universe at the same time.
Its reverse side is always facing the superlunar world and is a part of it, and its frontal part is always facing the Earth and is a part of the sublunary world, which it illuminates at night, reflecting sunlight.
The outer ("reverse") side of the Moon is an outpost of civilization in the "supra-moon" world. The inner ("front") side of the Moon ("sublunary" world) is the outer border of the earthly world of civilization. These are two very different sides of the same moon.
Oxygen is the basis of life on Earth. On the Moon (Selene) there is an unlimited amount of oxygen in a bound state: it is billions of tons of water ice and lunar soil regolith, which is 43% oxygen. Therefore, the colonization of the moon has direct meaning for civilization. The industrial production of oxygen on the Moon is a simple matter of technology.
Astronauts for a year on Mars (as well as on the Moon) will need one metric ton of oxygen per person to breathe, and a rocket with four astronauts on board from the surface of the Red Planet will take off 7 tons of rocket fuel (15,000 pounds) and 25 tons of oxygen (55,000 pounds), which is easily obtained directly from the carbon dioxide of Mars' atmosphere.
(https://www.forbes.ru/newsroom/tehnologii/427317-marsohod-perseverance-izvlek-kislorod-iz-atmosfery-krasnoy-planety)
Colonization of the Moon or selenostrategy is the colonization of the Moon by humans using a stationary Homeostatic Ark (HA) with earth-level artificial gravity systems to compensate for a 5/6 lack of gravity in relation to the level of gravity on Earth.
The USSR was supposed to be the first on Mars. In June 1960, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers set the day for the manned launch of the N-1 rocket to Mars - June 8, 1971, - with a return to Earth after 3 years and 2 days, - June 10, 1974.
From the very beginning, the colonization of the Moon was "top secret and of special importance" the main national strategic project of the USSR, starting in 1960.
The first lunar inhabitants were supposed to be citizens of the USSR, biologist Andrei Bozhko, doctor German Manovtsev, technician Boris Ulybyshev.
Even before the flight of Gagarin, Khrushchev signed "Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR" On the creation of powerful launch vehicles, satellites, spacecraft and space exploration in 1960-1967." importance.
It was about the development of a fundamentally new powerful carrier H-1, which was supposed, among other things, to be used for the lunar and Martian programs. But the main task of this carrier was military - it had to carry a payload of up to 27-30 tons. More powerful delivery vehicles were needed - the N-1 missiles. Serial bombers in the USSR did not have such a carrying capacity.
This was the mass of the world's most powerful hydrogen bomb (net mass was 26,413 kilograms). It was "Tsar Bomba" - the name of the AN602 hydrogen bomb, which was tested in the Soviet Union in 1961. This bomb was the most powerful bomb ever detonated. To deliver the tsar-bomb to any part of the planet, the "tsar-rocket" N-1 was needed.
2/3 of the tested power of the "Tsar Bomb" was the equivalent of 57 Mt TNT (as the power of the explosion of the "Tunguska meteorite"), so that the explosion from the explosion was visible 1000 km away, and the mushroom cloud rose almost to the border of the atmosphere - 70 km ...
All space technologies are dual-use technologies. The flight to the Moon and Mars was here only the civilian equivalent of the heart of the matter. In the same way, as the flight of Gagarin was only a civilian equivalent for the two-stage intercontinental ballistic launch vehicle R-7, capable of delivering a payload of 4.7 tons to the United States.
Such was the mass of the atomic bomb already put into service in the USSR. The Vostok-1 spacecraft with this mass and cosmonaut Gagarin spoke for themselves to the US military.
In a memo dated September 23, 1963, dedicated to the program for the development of astronautics until 1968 inclusive, Korolev outlined his plan for conquering the moon to Khrushchev.
On August 3, 1964, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a decree No. 655-268 "On work on the study of the Moon and outer space."
The base on the moon was planned, among other things, as a military addition to the "Tsar Bomb". This base would easily control any point on Earth from the Moon and would make any global conflict on Earth meaningless (the principle of ethericcracy or control of the Earth from space). Such a base would be "a gateway to Earth from space and back (from Earth) to space."
It took 4 days to fly around the moon, that is how long the first flight of cosmonaut Nikolaev lasted, on which, in 1962, General Designer Korolev insisted on this in order to prepare for the lunar journey. Cosmonaut Nikolaev flew under this program from August 11 to 15, 1962 on the Vostok-3 spacecraft, completing 64 orbits around the Earth.
Andriyan Nikolaev, during his four-day space flight, was for the first time allowed to unfasten the harness fixing him to the chair inside the "ball". Neither Gagarin nor Titov was allowed to do this.
Nikolaev flew a little inside the ship. Then, not without difficulty, he fastened himself back and tightened the seat belts so that they pressed him to the chair when ejecting from the "ball".
The data obtained during the flight of cosmonaut No. 2 German Titov was being checked, who, after the very first orbit in his flight, informed cosmonaut Pavel Popovich, with whom he was in touch, that he had an illusion that he was flying upside down with his Vostok. orbit.
After the first orbit, cosmonaut German Titov told Pavel Popovich that he had nausea and that he felt "bad".
Image above: German Stepanovich Titov (September 11, 1935, Verkh-Zhilino - September 20, 2000, Moscow) - Soviet cosmonaut, the first person to complete a long space flight on August 6-7, 1961 ((25 hours 11 minutes, having made 17 revolutions around the Earth, having flown more 700 thousand kilometers), the second Soviet cosmonaut, the second person in the world to complete an orbital space flight, remains the youngest (by age at the time of launch) cosmonaut in history.Hero of the Soviet Union (August 9, 1961). Yuri Gagarin's understudy; Doctor of military sciences , associate professor.
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Dj554qOX4AUWcKk?format=jpg&name=medium
Gagarin, during his only orbit around the Earth, only managed to feel the approaching nausea and once vomited.
After Yuri Gagarin's flight on Vostok-1, NP Kamanin was seriously worried about the second cosmonaut. It was unclear whether he would be able to withstand weightlessness for an entire day.
The collar of Gagarin's spacesuit, soiled by “regurgitation,” and the indistinctness of his sensations of weightlessness (he was strapped to a chair during the entire flight) increased the general fears of how a person's working capacity and health would change in a long, many-hour daily space flight.
The orbital flight of Gagarin due to his "belch" and illusion (at times it seemed to him that he was flying upside down) strengthened the initial ideas about the dangers of space, about its unfavorable and unpredictable in advance impact on the health of astronauts.
Image above: Before launching into space. Cosmonaut No. 1 Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, Chief Designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev and Marshal of the USSR Kirill Semyonovich Moskalenko. April 12, 1961. Baikonur. (This is not the original newsreel. We do not have the original. All documents related to the flight were strictly classified. Here is a duplicate filmed after Gagarin's return from the flight for the official presentation of the newsreel. - Newsreel of the USSR. Gagarin's flight into space. April 12, 1961.)
Landing. April 12, 1961. Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich
Now the situation was exactly the same with German Titov right on the first loop of his flight.
The doctors then recommended that the astronaut close his eyes and lie down like that, that is, sit in a chair without moving. Got better. But German Titov showed his character: a passion to act in spite of difficulties, towards danger. He began to move his head even more energetically (back and forth), rhythmically turn (left and right).
Nausea and vomiting increased. He cleaned up the cockpit (removed the vomit), continued to perform other tasks, overcoming a feeling of weakness, weakness in the whole body, and a headache.
After the flight, German Titov lost almost two kilograms, and his body temperature rise to 37.6 degrees.
Despite this, for the first time in space, German Titov performed manual orientation of a spacecraft in all modes, for the first time - photographing the surface of the Earth and the Moon from space.
German Titov, even before the meeting of the State Commission, convened a "secret council" with those who were supposed to fly into space after him (with Nelubov, Popovich, Nikolaev, Bykovsky) and told them:
- Bad business, guys. I felt very bad. What we are going to do? I don’t want to let you down, but it’s not good to hide the truth either.
Probably everyone was afraid that due to poor health Titov could postpone or even cancel further space flights? At the State Commission, SP Korolev, General Designer of Spaceships, was the most distressed.
At this meeting of the State Commission, he sat gloomy. Korolev gave a very detailed report on the prospects. In total, there were 18 Vostok spacecraft, 9-10 of which are planned for manned flights. " [Kamanin N. P. Hidden space. Book one. 1960-1963 M .: Infortext IF, 1995. S. 56].
Now after Titov's negative report, the question of continuing further manned flights is hanging in the air.
The situation was unexpectedly saved by a space toilet, which functioned flawlessly.
Space toilet. (Cosmic toilet). NASA
GI Severin, then still only the head of Laboratory No. 24 of the LII, but he was the leading author of ejection seats for the Vostok ships, suddenly asked Titov:
- Wasn't it difficult to urinate (in a state of such a severe gag reflex)?
Herman answered seriously and responsibly:
- During training on Earth it was difficult, but in zero gravity it was easier. You know, he somehow floats up by himself.
The small hall thundered with laughter so that the glass rang. It became clear that weightlessness did not turn off the main unconditioned reflex physiological activity of the astronaut's body - the toilet in space was constantly in demand for its intended purpose and worked properly.
It has been proven for science and the prospects of astronautics: an astronaut is able to maintain performance for a day or more.
Now everything depended on the opinion of the professor, Colonel V. I. Yazdovsky, who directed all medical and physiological research at the beginning of the formation of cosmonautics in the USSR. And he gave the go-ahead to continue flying at his own peril and risk.
In his opinion, the phenomenon of vomiting had to be dealt with additionally.
Everyone's mood immediately improved, they began to discuss how to continue flying into space. We can say that the threat of their suspension dissipated, and space navigation was saved. Titov left the cosmonaut corps. Korolev and Yazdovsky did not interfere.
Image above: Vladimir Ivanovich Yazdovsky (June 24, 1913, Ashgabat - December 17, 1999, Moscow) - the founder of space biology and medicine, doctor of medical sciences, professor, laureate of the USSR State Prize (1952), full member of the International Academy of Astronautics, laureate (Great Gold Medal) of the International Aviation Medical Academy (Brussels, Liege), Honorary Academician of the Academy of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky, colonel of the medical service. He substantiated the possibility of manned space flight and supervised the creation of a system of medical and biological support for the flight of Yuri Gagarin and other cosmonauts of the first detachment.
Professor, Colonel V. I. Yazdovsky, who directed all medical and physiological research at the beginning of the formation of cosmonautics in the USSR, did not understand why almost all subjects, carefully tested in every possible way, and specially trained so as to exclude even any possibility " motion sickness ”, it still occurred in orbital flights.
Unexpected for him were the unpleasant manifestations of "motion sickness" in everyone who flew into space on the Vostok spacecraft (except for VF Bykovsky, he was the only positive exception).
Nikolaev also felt very bad in weightlessness from the very beginning: he was nauseous, but without the urge to vomit, "the whole body was nauseous." The head ached badly and the neck "became stiff".
That is, it was not the "stomach", but the "head" form of the "motion sickness" that prevailed in him. It can be very painful for some people. After the first flight, Nikolaev said that "it is impossible to be in zero gravity for more than four days."
(https://zen.yandex.ru/media/kosmos_60/pugaiuscaia-nevesomost-6057a39e92e35b59433d7d39)
But these first negative data on being in zero gravity did not stop the USSR's lunar program. Soviet scientists proposed transporting residential structures to the moon using rockets. In their head compartment, one lunar house could be placed. Therefore, it was necessary to make at least 50 flights in order to deliver everything necessary for the lunar city and its future inhabitants.
At that time, they still did not know anything about the lethal harm of weightlessness (microgravity) during its long-term effect on the human body.
It was believed that human physiology itself adapts to low gravity on the Moon (1/6 of its level on Earth) and nothing special needs to be done. But this was a mistake both in the theory of space medicine and in practical astronautics.
This miscalculation cost cosmonaut Nikolaev five heart attacks and death from the fifth heart attack after his second space flight in a state of weightlessness (microgravity), lasting 18 days from June 1 to June 19, 1970.
The Soyuz-9 spacecraft made 286 revolutions around the Earth in 424 h 59 min. Nikolaev noted: “It was very difficult. I could not get out of the ship without help, when I was taken out - I could not stand on my feet. The blood poured into the lower part of the body, it was only possible to either sit or lie down - otherwise (immediately) he would lose consciousness."
Cosmonaut Andriyan Grigorievich Nikolaev (1929-2004)
“The heart has decreased in volume by 12 percent in 18 days. Pulse lying down - 80 beats, sitting - 100, standing - 120. Bone tissue lost potassium and calcium, became loose (osteoporosis developed). The composition of the blood has changed. "
It turned out that the effect of weightlessness on the human body is comparable to the consequences of serious injuries.
For this reason, general methods of human rehabilitation after any serious illness hold great promise for adaptation on Earth after long space flights of people in a state of weightlessness.
The obligatory daily 2-hour physical training in space, introduced after this flight of cosmonaut Nikolaev, made it possible to extend the cosmonauts' stay in zero gravity flight up to 6 months for women and up to 11 months for men.
But the placement of equipment for physical activity in space (simulators) required the creation of large physical volumes of space orbital stations. Therefore, they began to be built in the USSR, taking into account this circumstance, on a modular basis.
From January 8, 1994 to March 22, 1995, cosmonaut V.V. Polyakov completed the second space flight as a doctor-cosmonaut-researcher on the Soyuz TM-18 spacecraft and the Mir orbital modular complex for 437 days 18 hours (14.6 months or 1.2 years).
This achievement is still an absolute record for the duration of work in space for one flight in zero gravity. He had on board the orbital station a whole range of exercise simulators. It was planned to fly around Mars from Earth in 500 days (16.7 months or 1.4 years).
For this period, cosmonaut-doctor VV Polyakov flew into space to the Mir orbital station. from the Institute of Biomedical Problems of the State Scientific Center of IBMP. Polyakov told Academician Semyonov, General Designer of RSC Energia: “There is a well-developed, scientifically substantiated proposal: to conduct an ultra-long flight by sending a doctor.
Carry out all kinds of research and check the body's reaction to prolonged weightlessness. For a period of one and a half to two years - like to Mars and back. I'm ready.
First of all, it is interesting in biomedical terms to simulate a human flight to distant planets, say, to Mars. We will pass this milestone, and further in the medical plan we will have no mysteries. "
But for some reason he did not fly only 13 days to the cherished 500 days. The riddles remained unsolved. He returned to Earth with a crew, in which Elena Vladimirovna Kondakova (Ryumina) worked as a flight engineer.
Cosmonaut Elena Vladimirovna Kondakova- (Ryumina), 1994
This was her first flight into space. It began on October 4, 1994 as part of the Soyuz TM-20 expedition, as a flight engineer. She returned to Earth on March 22, 1995 after a 5-month flight on the Mir orbital station, taking Polyakov with her to Earth.
Kondakova had a reserve and could fly longer (up to 6 months), but for some reason Polyakov himself could not fly any longer, having already received a "norm" of 15 roentgens (150 mSv) of irradiation in orbit - a conditionally assumed equivalent of irradiation during a flight to Mars and back.
Cosmonaut Polyakov's training in space
In orbit, accidents happened to him, stresses - in case of power failures, on-board computer, in case of fire. Polyakov exhausted himself with physical exercises, two-hour workouts, achieved the same from his comrades - so that they would drive off one and a half liters of sweat and a couple of kilograms, because weightlessness would not forgive relaxation. As well as radiation. As well as nervousness at work and in everyday life. But he was already thinking about long-distance flights, primarily to Mars.
Image above: Cosmonaut V.V. Polyakov's view from the Mir station to the American Space Shuttle Discovery. 1995. Snapshot from the American shuttle "Discovery".
Image above: Polyakov observes rendezvous operations with the Space Shuttle Discovery on its STS-63 mission through a window on the Mir Core Module in February 1995). NASA.
Revealed cosmic psychoasthenization as a fact. The phenomenon itself was discovered by the psychologist Myasnikov. It also manifests itself in everyday life, when mental and physical fatigue, hypovitaminosis occurs, when stress is almost constant.
Astronaut Shannon Lucid exercising on a treadmill while aboard the Mir 1996. Wikipedia
Polyakov I met with the American Shannon Lucid. His peer, a biochemist, a legendary American woman: she has already been out of the Earth four times.
He suggested to her: “Let's make a joint application for simulating a flight to Mars and back (Mars-500 in orbit), as long as health and knowledge allow. It was very interesting to simultaneously study the reaction of the male and female bodies to the same flight conditions." She responded to this emotional offer of his very calmly, balanced: "You know, after all, one and a half years (500 days) outside the family, outside the Earth - this is a lot for me."
She is married to Michael F. Lucid of Indianapolis, Indiana. They have two daughters and one son, five granddaughters and three grandchildren.
(https://ria.ru/20120427/636486917.html)
In her fifth and last visit to space, she nevertheless set a world record for women at the Mir station - 188 days, 4 hours, 0 minutes and 14 seconds (March 22, 1996 - September 26, 1996), but after the end of the legendary Polyakov flight and that was a completely different task from NASA.
In a state of psychoasthenia, people do not sleep well, there are illusory fears, panic, bad dreams, tantrums, worries about the family left on Earth.
The regime was tense, torn, the responsibility was the highest. This condition could lead to dramatic results, up to and including early landing.
As Polyakov himself later admitted, prayer helped to cope with the excitement in an emergency situation - when the fire was extinguished, they, together with the crew commander, Alexander Viktorenko, turned to God.
Sasha Viktorenko - then called Polyakov to the next module: "Here is an icon, let's pray." After landing, cosmonaut-flight engineer Lena Kondakova, a witness to this event, told her husband, cosmonaut Valery Ryumin, deputy head of RSC Energia, about this fact.
For 1.2 years in orbit, Valery Vladimirovich received, according to various estimates, irradiation of no more than 13-15 roentgens (130-150 millisieverts) and expressed the controversial confidence for many that on an expedition to Mars and back, the dose of cosmic radiation would have turned out to be about the same. He believes that he has proved the possibility of flying around Mars in a state of zero gravity from the beginning of the flight to its end. NASA calls today other figures, less optimistic.
Cosmonauts Elena Kondakova and Valery Polyakov at the Mir station, 1995
Usually, during six months of work in a near-earth orbit on the ISS, the dose received by an astronaut generally ranges from 50 to 150 millisieverts (the power of external radiation is, respectively, from 5 to 15 roentgens). This is an average of 0.602-0.731 mSv per day. The annual limit is limited to 0.5 Sv = 500 millisieverts (50 roentgens).
(https://marsplaneta.ru/est-li-na-poverhnosti-marsa-radiatsiya)
In the nuclear industry, the permitted radiation dose is up to 2 roentgens per year (20 millisieverts). For all extraterrestrial flights, the cosmonaut is allowed to collect a total of no more than 1000 millisieverts (1000 mSv = 1.0 Sv = 1.0 Gy = 100 roentgen, 100 rad = 100 rem).
10 mSv (millisieverts) = 0.01 Sv = 0.01 Gy = 1 Rad = 1 RER = 1 R.
The radiation dose in the amount of: 1 Gy = 1 Sv = 100 Rad = 100 RER = 100 R - is equivalent to the minimum radiation dose that can provoke the onset of the first stage of radiation sickness.
The Earth's magnetic field is dipole. The source of the Earth's magnetic field is shifted relative to the center of our planet. As a result, there is a giant magnetic anomaly - the South Atlantic. In this area, the radiation is increased, the fluxes of particles sink low above the Earth due to the weakening of the magnetic field. Over the course of the Solar Cycle, the radiation fluxes in this area change, so it is dangerous from the point of view of ensuring the radiation safety of the flight.
When the ISS is flying over the South Atlantic, in this zone, as a result of field weakening, the trajectory of particles drops low above the Earth. And the station in this area touches the radiation belts
The South Atlantic magnetic field anomaly, galactic cosmic rays and secondary radiation are the cause of the dose of 220 mSv / year to the ISS.
The distribution of radiation exposure by objects is as follows:
Earth 1 mSv / Earth year = 0.0027 mSv / day (day)
Nuclear plants 20 mSv / earth year = 0.054 mSv / day (day)
Airplane (10 km) 10 mSv / earth year = 0.027 mSv / day (day)
ISS 220 mSv / earth year = 0.602-0.731 mSv / day (day)
Mars 76.7 mSv / per earth year = 0.21 mSv / day (day)
Moon 500.0 mSv / per earth year = 1.369 mSv / day
In the sublunary world, astronauts will have the highest radiation load on the lunar surface (50 roentgens or 500 mSv in one Earth year), that is, the full average annual limit if the astronaut does not have special protection from radiation.
A flight to Mars with landing and return, according to various calculations, will range from 860 days (28.7 months) to 1097 days (36.6 months). During it, astronauts can receive on average up to 1.0 Sv (100 roentgens), that is, at once the entire maximum total dose that they are allowed to receive according to the standard for their entire career. In one day of a clean flight to Mars - up to 1.9 mSv. (https://life.ru/p/1349885).
500 days of net flight time will give an approximate maximum radiation load of 1.0 Sv or 100 roentgens. But this will also add the radiation load from being on Mars proper from 360 to 597 days (from 75.6 to 125.37 mSv). The permissible general standard (1000 mSv = 1.0 Sv) will be clearly exceeded. Without special protection from radiation and hypogravity (microgravity or zero gravity), one cannot fly to the Moon or Mars.
Obviously, there is simply no alternative to either a mobile GC when flying to Mars; nor a stationary GC with permanent residence on Mars. Everything is exactly the same as on the moon. Just fly on. And the purely in-flight radiation doses, respectively, will be higher.
The average dose rate on the lunar surface was about 1369 microsievert per day (1.369 mSv / per earth day) - during the same time on board the ISS the dose is 1.87-2.28 times lower and is approximately 602-731 microsievert (0.602-0.731 mSv / per earth day), and on Earth the same indicator is about 220-270 times lower than on the ISS, and 500.0-507.0 times lower than on the Moon.
Valery Polyakov, according to the Institute of Biomedical Problems of the State Research Center of IBMP, had a total dose received by him for 1.2 years of flight, at least 130 millisieverts (13 roentgens), but not more than 150 millisieverts (15 roentgens). The sun was calm. There were no flashes. The indicated doses were found to be minimal.
(https://www.trud.ru/article/29-01-2004/67164_obluchenie_na_orbite.html)
During the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, a radiation level of 20 roentgens (200 millisieverts) was considered critical. (https://histrf.ru/read/articles/doktor-v-kosmose-istoriya-samogo-marsianskogo-rekorda).
But the fact is that on Mars, during its colonization, one must constantly live in conditions of about a little more than 1/3 of the gravity of the Earth's attraction (38%), which is only twice as large as the attraction on the Moon (which is about 1 / 6 terrestrial or 16.5%).
And this is with constant high cosmic radiation on the very surface of Mars, which does not have the Van Allen magnetic belts protecting from cosmic radiation (no protective magnetosphere) that the Earth has.
For one Martian solar day (24 hours 39 minutes), which are almost equal to Earth's (24 hours), 0.21 millisievert of radiation can be obtained on the planet's surface (76.7 mSv / in one Earth year). This is about 80 times more than on Earth, but 2.86 times less than on the ISS.
Although the level of radiation in the Van Allen belts is very significant, the American Apollo flew through them to the moon and back in a few hours - during this time the astronauts did not receive an additional dose of radiation that would noticeably affect their health.
An additional reduction in this dose was achieved by the appropriate choice of the flight path. The concentration of charged particles in the Van Allen belts is maximum above the Earth's equator and strongly decreases towards the poles. Therefore, the lunar trajectories of the Apollo in the initial and final phases of the flight passed north or south of the equatorial plane.
Polyakov considers his personal experiment to be living proof that a flight to the "red planet" in a state of complete weightlessness (microgravity) is real and completely safe.
But the opposite conclusion can also be drawn. Exercise alone did not solve the problem of unlimited stay in zero gravity (microgravity). They only slowed down the process of degradation of the astronaut's organism.
Nobody else followed Polyakov's path. This is a unique, but in all respects a dead-end path. The future belongs, in our opinion, most likely to homeostatic arks (HA) - stationary and mobile - in combination with Polyakov's intense physical exercises.
The international experiment "Mars-500", which was analyzed by representatives of 20 countries in Moscow, later confirmed the strategy of human adaptation developed by Polyakov during a long stay in a confined space. But why did not Polyakov himself fly 13 days to the coveted milestone of 500 days?
There was also a second plan in reserve, designed for two years (730 days) of continuous stay of the cosmonaut in zero gravity. He remained only a plan on paper. There were no people willing to fulfill it, since even the first plan, for a period of 500 days, remained unfulfilled. There was no talk of a three-year plan (1096 days).
Has the "zero gravity (microgravity) criterion" been triggered? to the border of which he probably came close? He himself asked to stop the experiment and return it to Earth ahead of schedule? Did he realize he couldn't take it anymore?
Did he conduct research on red and white blood in himself, and saw for himself that he could no longer be in zero gravity? Having problems with red blood? We do not know the true reason for the early termination of the experiment (https://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/kras-zv/1995/kz-14-1-1995.html).
But we know for sure today that Korolev planned to spend 3 years and 2 days (1097 days) on a flight to Mars and back with a landing on Mars, that is, a full 36 months.
The USSR was supposed to become the first manned mode on Mars. In June 1960, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers set the day for the manned launch of the N-1 rocket to Mars - June 8, 1971, - with a return to Earth after 3 years and 2 days, - June 10, 1974.
Deep Space spacecraft of "The Martian" movie, with gravity well at center
That is, without the creation of a mobile homeostatic ark from Mars, the astronauts would not have flown back alive in 1974. Korolev did not yet know this negative phenomenon of weightlessness in the formation of human physiology. But he understood, following Tsiolkovsky, that long-term flights into space must necessarily have an apparatus for creating artificial gravity (gravity) on a spacecraft.
He was a genius. Everything would have worked out for him with a manned flight, and with a landing on Mars, and with a return to Earth back. It was he who proposed an original technique for using the last stage of a launch vehicle to create artificial gravity during long-term manned expeditions in deep space.
To be continued (18.2)...
Related articles:
Space Toilet and Problems of Intestinal Stick Infection. Part 17.7
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/space-toilet-and-problems-of-intestinal.html
Three Historical Stages of Cosmonautics Development. Part 17.6
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/three-historical-stages-of-cosmonautics.html
Brief Background to Selenopolitics (Industrial Colonization of the Moon). Part 17.5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/brief-background-to-selenopolitics.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Creation of the first ever mobile homeostatic ark (HA) in the USA. Part 16
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_5.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Apocalypse; View from the UK. Part 15
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_3.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Comparison of plans of NASA and Roscosmos. Part 14
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
The ideology of space expansion - The question of pregnancy and childbirth in zero gravity. Part 17.4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-ideology-of-space-expansion.html
Colonization of the Moon - The source of the power, wealth and power of civilization in the Universe. Part 17.3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/colonization-of-moon-source-of-power.html
Space manned industrialization of the XXI century - the golden age of civilization. Part 17.2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/space-manned-industrialization-of-xxi.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Humanity's strategy to create stationary and mobile Homeostatic arks. Part 17.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_21.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Tsiolkovsky Galactic State. Part 9
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_19.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Symbol of the End of the XXI century. Part 8
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_16.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Stopping the process of increasing value added. Part 7
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_14.html
Exodus of civilization into space - The sixth socio-economic formation of civilization. Part 6
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-sixth.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Space man. Part 5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Biological End of the World. Part 4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_7.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Geochronological Ice Ages, periods, eras. Part 3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_5.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Astrophysical End of the World. Part 2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
The ideology of space expansion - Space calendar. Part 1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-ideology-of-space-expansion-space.html
Related links:
About Ph.D. Morozov Sergey Lvovich: https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5fbb90753e3ad265054f930a/ob-avtore-kanala-5fbd2bf80b4af80149fb12c2
Original article in Russian on Zen.Yandex:
https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5fbb90753e3ad265054f930a/ishod-civilizacii-v-kosmos-chast-18-selenostrategiia-ideologiia-oon-v-xxi-veke-60a51f9b9582641d181888d9
Asgardia website: https://asgardia.space/
Author: Ph.D. Morozov Sergey Lvovich / Zen.Yandex. Editor / Translation: Roland Berga.
Best regards, Orbiter.ch
