Humanity Space Expansion logo.
Nov. 8, 2022
Image above: Sergey Lvovich MOROZOV, author of the space calendar of Asgardia, candidate of medical sciences, sergey.morozov@asgardia.space.
Continuation of the article:
CREATING A SECULAR SPACE IT CALENDAR - A CALENDAR PROBLEM FOR THE VATICAN? "RETURN TO PARADISE" Part 26.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2022/10/creating-secular-space-it-calendar.html
1.12.1 WHO IS THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR?
Already after the successful completion of the first space flight of Yuri Gagarin, the Swedish Academy of Sciences proposed to award the creator of the first manned spacecraft Vostok with the Nobel Prize and applied to the USSR Academy of Sciences with a request.
Khrushchev's incorrect answer followed in the spirit that the creator of the Vostok spacecraft was "the entire Soviet Union" and "the entire Soviet people." [Khrushchev thought first of all about himself personally?]
Was Korolev frankly "pushed aside" from his offspring, creating a wall of moral degenerates - "gray-haired and well-behaved"?
A more stupid answer could hardly have been thought of than the answer of N.S. Khrushchev.
Meanwhile, for this achievement, Khrushchev himself and one of the then secretaries of the Central Committee of the CPSU Frol Romanovich Kozlov were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Gold Star of the Hero medal and the Order of Lenin.
Korolev was left without a Nobel Prize. He did not want to work for another sham "his" "degenerate academician" and make him his next "his" fake visiting "Nobel laureate".
He had a hard time when, by order of Khrushchev, he was not allowed into Red Square, when Yuri Gagarin was honored after his triumphant first space flight in history. But he was supposed to be next to them at the Mausoleum then with the name "Lenin-Stalin".
The same story was repeated in all subsequent cases of honoring the first cosmonauts. Korolev understood that this was not at all an accident. He saw. that he was systematically pushed aside from his authorship in the results he received. It was "closed down" for good.
Khrushchev N.S. knew that Stalin personally appointed Korolev to his position after he signed the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the creation of a new space industry of the national economy of the USSR on May 13, 1946.
Stalin met several times with both Korolev and Glushko and discussed with them the key problems of the development of rocket technology in the USSR.
USSR COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
RESOLUTION dated May 13, 1946 No. 1017-419ss
QUESTIONS OF REACTIVE WEAPONS
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I. Stalin
Y. Chadayev, manager of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
R. Alekseev, the creator of hydrofoil ships, ekranoplanes and ekranoplans, befell the same fate of being "pushed away from his offspring"; and P. Sukhoi, the creator of the famous titanium "weave", with a speed higher than the speed of any anti-aircraft missiles of that time; and S. Lavochkin, who created the first Burya cruise missile, which, with its phenomenal speed and the dagger final strike program, was invulnerable to any modern enemy air defense.
https://osiktakan.ru/1-isz0.html?ysclid=l8x8ho5kq7780597855
1.12.2 THE FIRST HALF OF THE LUNAR PROGRAM WAS TAKEN FROM THE QUEEN.
FINANCING OF THE SECOND PART OF THE MOON PROGRAM QUEEN IS LIMITED.
On August 3, 1964, the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 655-268 "On work on the exploration of the Moon and outer space" was issued.
For the first time at the highest level, it was stated that "the most important task in the exploration of outer space using the N-1 rocket is the exploration of the Moon with the landing of expeditions on its surface and their subsequent return to Earth." Initially, only one N-1 missile was meant.
However, in the future, the lunar program in the USSR was artificially divided [split] into two parts: 1) a flyby of the moon, and 2) a landing on the moon, in order to fit the Chelomey-S team into this program. Khrushchev and Glushko. This was Korolev's conscious "policy of ousting" from the big cosmonautics.
The first part of the lunar program was transferred to the Chelomey Design Bureau and the Glushko Design Bureau. It was supposed to work on the new Proton launch vehicle (UR-500). The second part of the lunar program was supposed to fly to the moon on a rocket of the super-heavy class Korolev - "N-1".
Chelomei had never dealt with space issues before. But did he hire Sergei Nikitovich Khrushchev, the son of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev, under the direct patronage of his father? Once, Nikita Khrushchev personally approved the design of the Chelomey naval cruise missile for submarines.
In this matter, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev followed the path of Lavrenty Beria and Anastas Mikoyan.
The son of Lavrenty Beria, Sergo Beria, was also a rocket specialist. In 1947, Sergo became deputy chief designer of the SB No. 1 MV bureau. There he realized his thesis work, on its basis they created the S-25 Berkut anti-aircraft missile system.
From early childhood, Sergo Beria showed himself to be a capable guy, was fond of music, studied languages. In addition to Georgian, English, German and French, he knew Dutch and Japanese well.
Sergo created the project of the Comet system, for which he received the Order of Lenin and the Stalin Prize. In 1948 he defended his Ph.D. thesis, four years later - his doctoral thesis. After the execution of his father, he changed his surname to the surname of his mother - Gegechkori.
Sergo Gegechkori worked further in Kyiv as the chief designer in the Department of New Physical Problems until 1988. Later he worked as a chief designer at the Kometa Research Institute, where he developed new materials for the manufacture of gas and oil pipelines and fuel tanks.
Stalin at one time was very offended by Lavrenty Beria because he dissuaded his son from marrying Svetlana, Stalin's daughter, who really liked Sergo Beria.
Source: https://fishki.net/4146386-sergo-berija-pochemu-edinstvennyj-syn-moguwestvennogo-lavrentija-pavlovicha-ne-otryoksja-ot-otca.html?ysclid=l92bth59tj23649611 © Fishki.net
Sergei Nikitovich Khrushchev, respectively, Chelomei, showered with state awards and state awards. Sergei Khrushchev drove an Italian Fiat donated by his father, and he parked in this Fiat right on the territory of a closed enterprise.
Did Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev sleep and see his son as the new "Chief Designer" of rocket technology in the USSR? In the place of the "very, most" brilliant Korolev, on the promptings of the "golden pen" in the person of Chelomey, whom, in this regard, perhaps they planned to make even Sergei Khrushchev's deputy? Was the aircraft designer Gurevich a deputy of the brother of Politburo member Anastas Mikoyan in the famous MiG aviation company?
Artyom Ivanovich Mikoyan (name at birth - Anushavan Ovanesovich Mikoyan)
Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich (December 31, 1892 [January 12, 1893], Rubanshchina, Sudzhansky district - November 25, 1976, Leningrad) - Soviet aircraft designer, co-head of OKB-155. Hero of Socialist Labor. Winner of the Lenin Prize and six Stalin Prizes.
Sergei Nikitovich Khrushchev was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor - by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (with the stamp "not subject to publication") dated April 28, 1963 "for great services in the creation and production of new types of missile weapons, as well as nuclear submarines and surface ships equipped with these weapons, and the rearmament of the ships of the Navy "with the award of the Order of Lenin and the gold medal Hammer and Sickle.
Philip Bobkov recalled in his memoirs how, by order of the KGB chairman A. N. Shelepin, he was forced to contribute to the refusal of co-authorship in one of the joint works of co-author Sergei N. Khrushchev in favor of the latter [Sergei Khrushchev illegally appropriated someone else's authorship for other people's discoveries and other people's inventions , using pressure on the authors of these inventions and discoveries through the connections of his father, First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, N.S. Khrushchev, in the KGB].
Sergei Khrushchev - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev
Rocketeers of Chelomey-S. Khrushchev managed to successfully fly around the moon several times on ships with two "cosmonaut" turtles. They weren't enough for more.
At the same time, at the same time, American astronauts reached the moon and flew to it many times under the Apollo program, to the envy of the whole world. The German rocket engineer Wernher von Braun, who headed the NASA moon flight program, despite his service in the SS troops under Himmler and a professor's diploma signed personally by Hitler, received American citizenship and was at the zenith of world fame.
In the period from 1968 to 1972, 9 flights to the Moon were performed under the Apollo program. Three expeditions took place without landing astronauts on the moon and six - with a landing on the surface of the moon.
A total of 24 US astronauts have flown to the moon and back. Of these, 12 US astronauts landed on the moon. The program was accompanied and supplemented by excellent advertising staged filming from Hollywood.
According to the plan of Chelomey-S. Khrushchev, the manned flight around the moon was to be carried out on the Soyuz 7K-L1 spacecraft, designed by Korolev, using the Proton launch vehicle, designed by Chelomey. All the glory of this flight should have belonged to Chelomey and Sergei Khrushchev, the son of Nikita Khrushchev?
It was the "royal" Soyuz ship familiar to us. It differed in that it did not have an orbital compartment in the lunar version, but the heat-insulating layer was increased (to enter the Earth's atmosphere with the 2nd space velocity), other antennas were made for it, providing it with an upper stage.
Two cosmonauts (Bykovsky and Rukavishnikov were trained for the first flight) were supposed to stay for a week "in harsh Spartan conditions" in a ship with a volume of only 2.5 cubic meters.
Chelomey built 15 such spaceships, of which only 13 eventually launched.
In the unmanned version, 14 Soyuz 7K-L1 spacecraft with the name "Zond" were launched. Of these, three with biomaterials on board flew around the moon and returned to Earth. The remaining launches ended unsuccessfully - 11 failures in total.
By the way, during the flight from the Earth to the Moon and back, the received radiation dose was only 3.5 rad. This is about the "terrible radiation belts" of the Earth.
The plan of the USSR was as follows: after carrying out three completely successful (“credit”) unmanned flights, a manned flight around the moon was to take place (presumably by the crew of Valery Bykovsky and Nikolai Rukavishnikov in mid-1967). In total, within the framework of the flight program, it was planned to carry out at least two manned flights.
As a result, out of 14 launch attempts, in six cases the ship was not put into orbit at all due to the failure of the Proton launch vehicle.
In three cases, due to incorrect operation of the Proton's propulsion system, the ship was not put on the desired trajectory.
One launch did not take place at all due to the ruptured Proton oxidizer tank, which damaged the Soyuz 7K-L1 spacecraft.
As a result, four Zonds flew around the Moon, which respectively received the numbers “Zond-5”, “Zond 6”, “Zond-7” and “Zond-8”.
On board the Zonda-5 launched on September 15, 1968, there were two "cosmonaut" turtles, who became the first living creatures to circumnavigate (fly around) the Moon.
Zond-5. Image Credit: Wikipedia
But due to an error in the calculations, the landing of the device took place along a ballistic trajectory, and as a result, it splashed down in the Indian Ocean. Did the Turtles suffer eye damage due to the huge g-force during ballistic trajectory landing [approximately 15g to 20g]?
These specific "numbered" turtles [No. 22 and No. 37] were chosen from all available biomaterial only because turtles of this species (Testudo horsfieldii gray, another name - steppe turtles) could not be fed or watered for two weeks and they differed in phenomenal overload resistance.
1.13.1 [Cosmonaut crew communications test and "hoax" (of NASA)
The "Zond 5" caused a scare in the United States when on 19 September 1968, the voices of cosmonauts Valery Bykovsky, Vitaly Sevastyanov and Pavel Popovich were transmitted from the spacecraft and intercepted by Jodrell Bank Observatory and the CIA.
The cosmonauts were apparently reading out telemetry data and computer readings, and even discussing making an attempt to land. At the height of the Cold War, there was a real concern that the Soviets might actually beat NASA to the Moon. Apollo 17 astronaut Eugene Cernan remarked that the incident had "shocked the hell out of us."
Popovich would later recall: "When we realized we would never make it to the moon, we decided to engage in a little bit of hooliganism. We asked our engineers to link the on-the-probe receiver to the transmitter with a jumper wire. Moon flight missions were then controlled from a command centre in Yevpatoria, in the Crimea. When the probe was on its path round the Moon, I was at the center.
So I took the mic and said: "The flight is proceeding according to normal; we’re approaching the surface..." Seconds later my report – as if from outer space – was received on Earth, including [by] the Americans. The U.S. space advisor Frank Borman got a phone call from President Nixon [actually Johnson], who asked: 'Why is Popovich reporting from the moon?'
My joke caused real turmoil. In about a month's time. Frank came to the USSR, and I was instructed to meet him at the airport. Hardly had he walked out of his plane when he shook his fist at me and said: 'Hey, you, space hooligan!"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_5
Turtles-"astronauts" - No. 22 and No. 37. Probe-5. September 15, 1968
Launched on November 10, 1968, Zond-6 also completed the flight program, but, as in the case of Zond-5, there were problems when returning to Earth - at first unscheduled depressurization, then premature firing of parachutes due to which the ship crashed.
The next launch was scheduled for December 7, 1968 and was originally planned to be manned. But due to the fact that none of the test flights were completely successful, the Soviet leadership decided not to risk it and canceled the manned flight.
It is known that the members of the three lunar crews (Leonov, Makarov, Bykovsky, Rukavishnikov, Popovich and Sevastyanov) did not agree with this decision and wrote a letter to the Politburo asking to be allowed to fly regardless of the risk in order to get ahead of the Americans.
In early December 1968, they arbitrarily arrived at Baikonur, waiting there for a positive response from Moscow, ready to start.
In his diaries, Kamanin writes that at the beginning of 1969, a series of 14 new lunar space suits was launched at Zvezda.
But the leadership of the USSR was afraid to send people into space on an unfinished ship, without new spacesuits. The start was not allowed.
And already on December 21, 1968, the Apollo 8 spacecraft was launched in the United States, which successfully circled the moon.
December 21, 1968 In the USA, the super-heavy launch vehicle "Saturn-5" launched the spacecraft "Apollo-8" with the crew: F. Borman, J. Lovell and W. Anders.
The purpose of the flight was to test the ship in a real flight with the launch of an artificial satellite of the Moon into orbit and its return to the Earth's atmosphere at a second cosmic velocity.
Finally, on August 8, 1969, Zond-7 was launched, which became the only ship from this series, the flight of which went exactly according to the planned program, without any complications.
However, the USSR had already lost the first stage of the lunar race, and after that the Politburo decided to abandon the manned flight around the moon altogether.
But since the technique had already been built, they decided to continue its purely unmanned scientific tests.
The next three launches ended in the explosion of the Chelomeev Proton launch vehicle at launch - so, apparently, the Politburo made the right decision not allowing the astronaut to fly.
In October 1970, Zond-8 was launched, which also successfully completed its program, although problems arose again during landing, and the device again splashed down in the Indian Ocean.
There remained one more Soyuz 7K-L1 ship ready for flight, on which, after two successful flights, in principle it was possible to send two cosmonauts to fly around the moon.
But Korolev had not been alive for several years by this time. Of course, he would not miss this chance. And he would do the right thing. Neither Chelomei, nor Sergei Khrushchev, nor Glushko, nor Brezhnev, nor Andropov, nor Ustinov took such a risk. Figuratively speaking, behind Korolev's back was "the Lord God himself"? And behind the backs of others "no God, even under a microscope, could be seen"?
In the end, gained by Korolev, the prestige of the USSR in space was completely lost. Cosmonauts Komarov and Gagarin died. Astronauts who made regular space flights were no longer honored on Red Square, at Lenin's Mausoleum. The body of Stalin, who launched the entire rocket industry in the USSR on May 13, 1946, was taken out of the Mausoleum [he was also pushed aside, in favor of the same N.S. Khrushchev?].
With such illiterate political and practical leadership, the lunar flyby program has lost all expediency in every sense.
The Politburo was simply confused and did not know what to do next. So the "era of Brezhnev's stagnation and perestroika" really began. The Politburo then made a "Solomonic" decision - to completely close the entire program of manned flight to the moon - and pretended that the USSR, in general, had never planned to supposedly send people to the moon?
Even the Politburo understood the complete incompatibility of the results achieved - two Soviet turtles, with their eyes burst from exorbitant overloads during landing along a ballistic trajectory, and 24 completely healthy American astronauts who circled the Moon many times, landing on the Moon 12 of them.
1.13.2 PROBLEMS WITH THE N-1 LAUNCH
The super-heavy launch vehicle N-1 was nicknamed the "Tsar Rocket" for its large size (launch weight of almost 2500 tons, height - 110 meters), as well as the goals set during the work on it.
https://topwar.ru/25285-raketa-n-1-car-raketa.html
The rocket was supposed to help strengthen the state's defense capability, promote scientific and national economic programs, as well as manned interplanetary flights.
However, like their namesakes known - the Tsar Bell and the Tsar Cannon - this design product was never used for its intended purpose.
Back in 1962, the expert commission, and later the country's leadership, chose a layout with a vertical rocket design that could put into orbit a load weighing up to 75 tons (the mass of the cargo thrown to the Moon is 23 tons, to Mars - 15 tons, the mass of the Soviet hydrogen " tsar-bomba, tested in 1961, was 27 - 30 tons, which was the real and main goal of the military leadership of the USSR).
At the same time, a large number of unique technologies were introduced and developed in the design of the N-1 - an on-board computer, new welding methods, lattice wings, an emergency rescue system for astronauts, and much more.
This rocket was intended in a manned version to launch a heavy orbital station into near-Earth orbit, with the subsequent prospect of assembling TMK, a heavy interplanetary spacecraft, for flights to Mars, Venus and the Moon, as an intermediate goal in any case. In this complex, Korolev planned to implement a system of a manned living cabin with artificial gravity.
However, later the wrong decision was made to include Chelomey's design in the "moon race" with the delivery of a person to fly around the moon on the Proton rocket, which had to be designed from scratch.
This decision of Khrushchev slowed down the entire lunar program in the USSR. Work on the implementation of the almost finished H-1 was artificially slowed down. As a result, we did not receive either the first full-fledged version or the second.
The N-1 rocket was prepared only for the LZ expeditionary spacecraft in the N-1-LZ complex.
Rocket N-1 on the launch pad.
S.P. Korolev for a manned flight and landing on the moon (in the second part of the lunar program) refused to use V.P. Glushko, who worked on toxic heptyl. [Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, codenamed "heptyl") is a chemical derived from hydrazine]
Accidents with heptyl were very severe. Many people died, including Marshal of Artillery of the Soviet Union and Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces of the USSR Nedelin.
On October 24, 1960, an intercontinental rocket R-16, designed by Yangel, exploded at Baikonur, killing dozens of people who were burned alive.
The temperature of the fire at the center of the explosion was almost the same as at the surface of the Sun - 3 thousand degrees. According to eyewitnesses, people were burned to the ground - some of them were left with only a bunch of keys, belt buckles and heels from boots.
Among them was the talented commander of the Great Patriotic War, Hero of the Soviet Union, Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN) Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin. In total, 126 people died in that disaster, including those who did not survive in the hospital and hospitals. Another 50 people received severe burns and injuries.
Source: https://fishki.net/anti/1834270-kak-pogib-marshal-mitrofan-ivanovich-nedelin.html?ysclid=l8zz0vggur310481352 © Fishki.net
The Tyuratam tragedy "Nedelina" on October 24, 1960 indirectly became the reason that the first manned flight into space took place only on April 12, 1961, and not several months earlier.
https://document.wikireading.ru/58122?ysclid=l8zw9rfdwr325338899
The fuel for all engines of the R-7 royal rocket was two-component and consisted of fuel - T-1 kerosene and an oxidizing agent - liquid oxygen. Liquid nitrogen was used to pressurize the tanks, and hydrogen peroxide was used to ensure the normal operation of the turbopump units of rocket engines. This launch pad was designed by Korolev back in 1957 to launch his R-7 ICBM.
However, KB Chelomeya-S. Khrushchev and the Glushko Design Bureau persistently proposed for the Soviet lunar program the most powerful rocket in the project, the UR-700, with heptyl engines manufactured in the Glushko Design Bureau, which was supposed to put a payload weight of up to 140 tons into orbit.
Chief Designer M.K. Yangel simultaneously offered his R-56 rocket (URV Strategic Missile Forces index - 8K68) - an experimental superheavy class launch vehicle (LV) developed at OKB-586 (Southnoye Design Bureau), which was also supposed to work on toxic heptyl.
World cosmonautics took a different path, as suggested by Korolev. Today we see this in Elon Musk's space lunar program.
UDMH [heptyl] has been used and is still used as an option in liquid rocket engines:
- American launch vehicles (LV) "Delta", "Tor-Agena", "Titan" and the spacecraft "Apollo";
- Soviet, Russian and Ukrainian launch vehicles "Proton", "Cosmos", "Cyclone", "Roar", "Dnepr" and ICBMs "R-16" (SS-7), "R-36" (SS-9), " UR-100" (SS-11), "MR UR-100" (SS-17), "R-36M" (SS-18), "UR-100N" (SS-19);
- Chinese launch vehicles of the Changzheng family;
- French launch vehicles of the Ariane and Vega families;
- Indian launch vehicles GSLV, PSLV;
- Manned ("Soyuz", "TKS", "Eagle") and cargo ("Progress") spacecraft;
- Satellites, orbital (Mir, ISS) and interplanetary stations (Phobos-1, Phobos-2, Phobos-Grunt).
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD
1.13.3 THE GENERAL DESIGNER OF SPACE SYSTEMS IN THE USSR, ACADEMICIAN OF THE USSR AS, SERGEI PAVLOVICH KOROLEV AND YURI ALEKSEEVICH GAGARIN, THE FIRST PERSON IN WORLD HISTORY TO FLIGHT INTO SPACE - PIONEERS-FOUNDERS OF PRACTICAL PRACTICE
Image above: General designer Sergey Pavlovich Korolev and the first cosmonaut in the history of human civilization Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin - pioneers and founders of practical astronautics.
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin (March 9, 1934, Klushino, Gzhatsky (now Gagarinsky) district, Western region (now Smolensk region) - March 27, 1968, near the village of Novoselovo, Kirzhachsky district, Vladimir region) - USSR pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union.
On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in world history to fly into outer space.
The Vostok launch vehicle with the Vostok-1 spacecraft carrying Gagarin was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome in the Kyzylorda region of Kazakhstan.
After 108 minutes of flight, Gagarin successfully landed in the Saratov region, not far from Engels. April 12, 1961, the day of Yuri Gagarin's flight into space, was declared a holiday - Cosmonautics Day.
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (December 30, 1906 [January 12, 1907], Zhitomir, Volyn province, Russian Empire - January 14, 1966, Moscow) - Soviet scientist, designer of rocket and space systems, chairman of the Council of Chief Designers of the USSR (1946-1966), academician of the Academy of Sciences USSR (1958).
Sergei Korolev is one of the main creators of Soviet rocket and space technology, which ensured strategic parity and made the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics an advanced rocket and space power, and a key figure in human space exploration, the founder of practical astronautics.
In the official documents of the USSR, he was simply called "Chief Designer". Under his leadership, the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth and the first cosmonaut of the planet, Yuri Gagarin, was organized and carried out.
Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize. Member of the CPSU since July 1953. He died on January 14, 1966 in Moscow, was buried in a necropolis near the Kremlin wall.
Korolev S.P. died on the operating table on January 14, 1966.
His "king"-rocket "N-1" super-heavy class with Kuznetsov's oxygen engines did not receive even minimal funding from the USSR Ministry of Defense and did not go through a single cycle of "fire" testing of engines on a test bench at Baikonur in a comprehensive, fully assembled form. She was technically not ready (not brought) to fly to the moon.
But no money was spared for testing Chelomeev's Proton. However, the "new Korolev" did not come out of either Chelomey or Sergei Khrushchev. "Proton" is not even close to "N-1".
As an understudy for "N-1", Chelomeev's "Proton" in the lunar program of the USSR was fundamentally not needed (useless).
The Americans perfectly completed the entire program on one Saturn-5 carrier. And they did it right.
Did his deputy Academician Mishin, who replaced Korolev, not have the necessary "penetrating ability" in the country's leadership? Or was Korolev's N-1 lunar rocket simply not allowed to take off?
Image above: "Tsar-rockets" N-1 of the general designer Korolev Sergey Pavlovich at the starting positions at Baikonur.
The fifth planned test launch of the "H-1", scheduled for August 1974, did not take place. He promised to be successful. The rocket had many new solutions implemented for the first time in the world astronautics.
But in May 1974, the Soviet lunar program was unexpectedly closed "from above", and all work on the "N-1" was stopped without explanation. Academician Glushko, who was given the Korolev Institute, received a command from Brezhnev to destroy two N-1 missiles with the numbers "8L" and "9L" on the launch pads, which were already completely ready for launch, along with all the design documentation for them.
More than 4-6 billion rubles (in those prices) were simply "written off". The documentation was burned. Then, by the way, after the creation of the Buran missile system, Academician Glushko himself was also forever "pushed aside" from the leadership of the missile program.
Both of them and Korolev were "Stalin's nominees" and therefore were "out of court" under N.S. Khrushchev and his team of "anti-Stalinists"? They were most likely cleverly quarreled among themselves and both were ultimately disposed of using different circumstances? Chelomei was also Stalin's nominee. Brezhnev L.I., who replaced Khrushchev, therefore did not favor him?
1.13.4 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF LEONID BREZHNEV AND YURI ANDROPOV IN THE ERRORS OF PLANNING THE MOON FLIGHT IN THE USSR?
After N.S. Khrushchev, L.I. became the head of state. Brezhnev.
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (December 19, 1906 – November 10, 1982) was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union as General Secretary of the ruling Communist Party (1964-1982) and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1960-1964, 1977-1982). He held the highest leadership position in the CPSU and in the USSR for 18 years.
The lunar program was the first and, unfortunately, not very successful space program of Brezhnev L.I. in his position as the first person of the state. Brezhnev was probably not a very inadequate person.
He had a special feeling of love for military awards, and not for space and astronautics, for example. Leonid Ilyich was the owner of hundreds of awards: 36 Soviet and 64 foreign.
Brezhnev was the owner of 34 duplicate medals of the Hero of the Soviet Union "Gold Star" and the Hero of Socialist Labor "Hammer and Sickle". Adding this number to the first copies of these awards, we get a total of 39 Gold Star medals.
He was even awarded the Order of Victory (although he was never given a second copy of this order for his second dress uniform). Then this order was officially taken away from him posthumously already from the deceased - in 1989, that is, 7 years after his death with worldwide shame?
To receive this Order of Victory, he, in particular, allegedly “asked” Zhukov to “correct” his “Memoirs and Reflections” and include Brezhnev in the circle of people with whom Zhukov allegedly constantly or periodically “consulted on the most important military issues” during the Great Patriotic War. war (fortunately, Generalissimo Stalin was no longer alive) ...
And did Marshal of the Soviet Union G. Zhukov really allegedly make such a “reference” to his fictitious relationship with Brezhnev on the front of the Great Patriotic War in one of the editions of his “historical” book, which was then withdrawn in subsequent editions? Marshal Zhukov clearly got into "history", falsely replacing himself with the cunning "drug addict" Brezhnev in the history of the Great Patriotic War?
Due to the large mass of gold and diamonds in orders, medals and Stars (including marshals), the weight of the main dress uniform with all the hundred awards was more than the weight of the knightly armor of King Henry VIII of England?
Image above: Armor of Henry, Italian made, circa 1544. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Due to its heaviness, Brezhnev could not physically wear this uniform (he could only sit in it and pose in front of the audience and photographers, like a dressed-up doll), but he really liked to just look at him, as if at a unique collection he had collected?
Brezhnev became addicted to drugs at the front during the Great Patriotic War, in the hospital where he was treated after a shell shock. Brezhnev L.I. ended up as an "outright drug addict" and he died, according to all the symptoms, from a banal "overdose"? Did Andropov Yu., the head of the KGB of the USSR, allegedly regularly supply Brezhnev with narcotic drugs?
Brezhnev's wife's sister allegedly gave birth to an illegitimate son from Andropov in 1962 - living with Andropov in a civil marriage - later known under the name of Alexei Mitrofanov, a State Duma deputy from the Liberal Democratic Party?
In the official documents of Deputy Mitrofanov, there is a dash in the column "mother". If this information is correct, then it turns out that Andropov and Brezhnev were in a family relationship with each other, being married to sisters. Did the leader of the LDPR party, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, not hide this information in private conversations?
Perhaps this was the reason, among other things, that Brezhnev did not like Stalin's nominees, who, undoubtedly, was Khrushchev himself, whom the "drug addict" Brezhnev accused, like Generalissimo Stalin himself (the Soviet political "Napoleon Bonaparte"), of "cult of personality"?
Is it not for this reason that the economy of the USSR fell into "stagnation and perestroika" and gave rise to such "stagnant and slop leaders of perestroika" or "leaders of stagnation and stagnation of perestroika" of the state, like Andropov, Gorbachev, Yakovlev and Yeltsin?
“Perestroika” in the USSR was de facto started by the “drug addict” Brezhnev and Andropov, who was chronically ill with an incurable severe form of renal failure, literally tied to an artificial kidney machine at the Central Clinical Hospital of the Fourth Main Directorate of the Kremlin, and the “perestroika” was completed by the outspoken alcoholic Boris Yeltsin in Belovezhskaya Pushcha in companies of the same drunken alcoholics as he himself?
In a drunken stupor, they destroyed the USSR, although in a referendum all the peoples inhabiting the USSR voted for the preservation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics?
Gorbachev and Yakovlev were simply their most illiterate comrades-in-arms, who staged a uniform pogrom of the entire economy of the USSR with their "anti-alcohol" company?
For this "restructuring of new thinking and the anti-alcohol pogrom of the economy of the USSR by the team of Gorbachev and the alcoholic Yeltsin, Gorbachev's ally" - Gorbachev himself was given the Nobel Prize, noting him as the "Herostratus of our time", who literally burned the USSR in the flames of "white fever"?
He frightened with his "inadequate restructuring" even the "iron lady" Margaret Thatcher, the German Kohl and the entire leadership of the United States (Bush Sr.) and France (Francois Mitterrand), bringing down the Warsaw Pact and the international security system?
Is it not this "crazy perestroika" that has brought the world today to the brink of the Third World Nuclear War and to the "Apocalypse"? It is obvious that the "democracy of the nomenklatura and partocracy" both under capitalism and under socialism have outlived their usefulness? From the same "family democracy" did Rome die, did the Spanish and British empires die?
Satyrs, bestiality, centaurs, dudes, endemic gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, plague, smallpox, epidemics, pandemics - links in the same chain of human biological self-degeneration?
Now, maybe someone will go straight to "Paradise", and someone - straight to "Hell", if these are not the same thing? We should probably ask Dante Alighieri, the author of the Divine Comedy, first?
Therefore, the situation has probably matured historically for the introduction of a new, sixth in a row - "space" in content - socio-economic formation [Sixth OEF], which will not be "class" in content, that is, neither capitalist nor socialist, ( with the class content of which, unfortunately, all world wars are connected).
https://maxpark.com/community/8560/content/7246573?ysclid=l9a04jmqe1342898073
The Soviet elite was transformed into the Soviet party nomenklatura, which, in turn, became the constitutional "core of the political system of the USSR."
The party nomenklatura in the USSR did not have social stabilizers, was unstable and for this reason rapidly progressively degraded and "degenerated" to "political zero" in 74 years 22 days in the period from November 7, 1917 to December 25, 1991.
The nomenklatura elite of the USSR slipped into nepotism, drug addiction, alcoholism, AIDS and plagiarism. The USSR, as a state entity, rotted from the head and was doomed to self-destruction by "political self-castration"?
Gorbachev degraded to such an extent that he claimed the key role of his wife, Raisa Maksimovna, in the death of the USSR. Was it supposedly specifically her personal line of political behavior?
"Whatever happens, look for a woman," the French say, although no one has ever chosen Gorbachev's wife as the head of the CPSU and the USSR.
Maybe Gorbachev simply made his wife, to whom, according to knowledgeable people, Andropov himself is not indifferent, a banal "scapegoat"? Just "framed" her in his place?
This decision of the party nomenklatura in the USSR to end the existence of the USSR was in direct conflict with the mood of the Soviet people, who voted in a referendum on March 17, 1991 for the preservation of the USSR by a majority of 71%.
The opinion of the people (people's democracy) fundamentally contradicted the interests of the core of the political nomenklatura (nomenklatura party democracy), which degenerated into a banal, illiterate "class" of alcoholics, drug addicts, political degenerates, idiots and suicides, closed in on itself.
Socialist China drew conclusions from the fact of the death and political destruction of the USSR by the hands of the party nomenklatura, as well as the role of the "new thinking" of the senile Gorbachev in this degenerative process of the state's degeneration.
Gorbachev ended his political life advertising pizza, suitcases, beer and travel bags.
China has gone the other way. In China, Gorbachev is now frightened by all sectors of society, starting with small children in kindergartens and schools. Can civilization survive only within the framework of the Sixth OEF?
F. Engels' book on "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State" has not lost its relevance to this day, although it was written by the classics of political economy in the 19th century?
The classics knew nothing about the genius of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. They did not set the task of space exploration before mankind. Karl Marx began to study higher mathematics only at the end of his life, which he simply did not have enough. Did the classics of political economy stop halfway to their goal?
Political economy in the 21st century rushed into space, into the Universe, and this was done by Jesuit astrophysicists from the Vatican, who created the theory of the Big Bang and the expansion of the Universe.
Image above: Georges Lemaitre. Born July 17, 1894, Charleroi. Died June 20, 1966 (aged 71), Leuven.
Georges Lemaitre, Belgian priest, astrophysicist, cosmologist and mathematician, one of the authors of the theory of the Big Bang and the expanding Universe [1927], together with Friedman [1922], whose work he did not know (Friedman died in 1925). One of the most influential astrophysicists of the 20th century.
The Big Bang Theory is the fundamental cosmological theory of modernity. All astrophysicists of the world agree with it today. It was created within the walls of the Vatican and is at the same time a dialectical development of the ancient and medieval theory of the Creation of the world by God within 6 days (days), set forth in the Torah-Bible.
This is the church Catholic modern theory of the Creation of the world - a tribute to the memory of Galileo Galilei, whom the Catholic Church unjustly condemned in the Middle Ages [1633]. At the same time, this is the triumph of the historical scientific ideas of Galileo Galilei and the triumph of the Vatican itself.
In 1936, Georges Lemaitre was elected a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and in March 1960 he was appointed its president. He held this post until his death.
In 1960 he was elevated to the rank of prelate by Pope John XXIII. He was a participant in the work of the Second Vatican Council (from October 11, 1962 to December 8, 1965).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre
Image above: Millikan, Lemaître and Einstein after Lemaître's lecture at the California Institute of Technology in January 1933.
"Capitalism" and "socialism" are the dramatic warlike prehistory of mankind. Its true history will only begin within the framework of the upcoming Sixth GEF, which is cosmic in nature.
This modern philosophy of space was created, among other things, in the Vatican. Thus, Religion and Science intersected in a historical perspective.
1.13.5 A BRIEF HISTORY OF VLADIMIR CHELOMEI AS THE DESIGNER OF THE "PROTON" BOAT ROCKET WHICH IS INTENDED FOR THE USSR LUNAR PROGRAM
Vladimir Chelomei began his scientific and practical activities with the design and construction of a "pulsating air-jet engine" (PuVRD).
Its creation was preceded by a large theoretical work. From 1936 to 1940 Chelomey published 24 scientific papers, 20 of which were devoted to PWRD. Chelomei was an outstanding young scientist, a "Stalinist" scholarship holder from his student days.
And already in 1939 he received a copyright certificate for the design of this engine. This certificate was used by the designer in the Third Reich. German engineers created exactly the same (similar) engine in 1942 and began to install them on their unmanned winged V-1 projectiles, with which they bombed London.
Similar winged vehicles of Chelomey under the index 10X entered service with the Soviet army at the beginning of 1945, after they proved their effectiveness in practice. Chelomey subsequently managed to develop more powerful projectile aircraft or, as they later became known, 14X and 16X cruise missiles.
Thanks to the Chelomey Design Bureau, 3 major national defense programs of the USSR were completed.
The first includes equipping the Russian Navy, especially the submarine one, with anti-ship missiles. The rocketization of the Soviet fleet cost 25 times cheaper than the construction of aircraft carriers similar to the American ones.
The second program made it possible by 1974 to achieve parity with the United States in intercontinental ballistic missiles with the help of Chelomeev's UR-100 and UR-100N missile systems.
Thanks to the third program, the Soviet Union overcame its backlog from the United States in the information field with the help of space assets based on military orbital stations of the Almaz type, which were also developed at the Chelomey Design Bureau.
Chelomey was one of the key creators of the Soviet "nuclear shield". However, one of the largest projects of the scientist - an integrated defense-offensive ocean-land-space complex - was not implemented and remained unclaimed by the Soviet and Russian defense industries.
Academician Chelomey: executioner or genius? - Arguments of the Week - argumenti.ru
https://argumenti.ru/history/2022/06/778380?ysclid=l92zdcdpsc885722169
Vladimir Chelomey - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Chelomey
But Chelomey never built large launch vehicles, this was not his topic, and in 1974 the country was left without a delivery vehicle for the hydrogen "tsar bomb", and this was hardly the main military purpose of the superheavy "tsar" N-1 rocket?
Did the military of the USSR consider, among other things, the second option of equipping the N-1 with seventeen nuclear warheads, which would be capable of aiming themselves at the desired targets?
Without Korolev, the lunar program of the USSR was doomed in advance, like the Martian program, as well as the military-strategic one. Such is the "role of Korolev's personality" in the history of the USSR and Russia. There is still no such "Tsar Rocket" as the ingenious H-1, or its analogue, in Russia.
Tsar-bomba (Russian: Tsar-bomba) (codename: Ivan or Vanya or "Kuzkina's mother"), also known by the alphanumeric designation "AN602" ["AN-602"], was a thermonuclear aerial bomb and the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created and tested in history.
The Tsar bomb was developed in the Soviet Union (USSR) by a group of nuclear physicists led by Igor Kurchatov, an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.
Tested on October 30, 1961, the scientific result of the test was an experimental verification of the principles of calculation and multi-stage thermonuclear charges.
The bomb was dropped by parachute from a Tu-95V aircraft and exploded autonomously 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) over Cape Sukhoi Nos of Severny Island, Novaya Zemlya, 15 km (9.3 mi) from Mityushikha Bay, north of Matochkin Strait.
The explosion was supposed to be classified, but was discovered by United States intelligence agencies using a KC-135A (Operation Speedlight) aircraft that was in the area at the time. A secret US reconnaissance aircraft called Speed Light Alpha tracked the blast, getting close enough that its anti-radiation paint was burned off at the time of the explosion.
The bhangmeter results and other data indicated that the yield of the bomb was about 58 Megatons (243 PJ), which was the generally accepted performance in technical literature until 1991, when Soviet scientists discovered that their instruments showed a yield of 50 Megatons (209 PJ).
Because they had instrumental data and access to the test site, their power rating was accepted as more accurate. This is about three thousand times more powerful than the US atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945 (13 kilotons).
Theoretically, the yield of a full-scale bomb would exceed 100 megatons (418 PJ) if it included uranium-238, which was included in the design but was omitted in testing to reduce radioactive fallout.
Because only one bomb was built before completion, this ability was never demonstrated. The remaining unsold bomb blanks are now in the Russian Museum of Atomic Weapons in Sarov and the Museum of Nuclear Weapons of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics in Snezhinsk.
Resources:
Tsar Bomba - Wikipedia - translated.turbopages.org
https://translated.turbopages.org/proxy_u/en-ru.ru.816fc291-6343127a-c444ef80-74722d776562/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar_bomb
Project N-1 - "Tsar Rocket", which was never destined to take off -
prostopasha1914.livejournal.com
https://prostopasha1914.livejournal.com/449957.html?ysclid=l91qvdpte68614116
Tsar-rocket N-1: dreams of Mars and the collapse of the Soviet lunar program
Notes of a young programmerAugust 3, 2021
https://dzen.ru/media/id/60e66a2006362a7329c59004/carraketa-n1-mechty-o-marse-i-krah-sovetskoi-lunnoi-programmy-610964f775baf76336d2fbd4
N1 (rocket) - Wikipedia - en.wikipedia.org
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_(rocket)
R-56 - Wikipedia - en.wikipedia.org
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0-56
A few words about the Soviet program "Zond" - en-universe.livejournal.com
https://ru-universe.livejournal.com/637001.html?ysclid=l8wupjmbbz323836386
How Soviet rocket scientists hid the "lunar scam" - dzen.ru
https://dzen.ru/a/YzGchgaHKipAOlCX?&
Calvary - Wikipedia - en.wikipedia.org
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary
Sputnik 1 - Wikiwand - en.wikipedia.org
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1
End of the part 26.2, coming soon, part 26.3
Author: Ph.D. Morozov Sergey Lvovich.
Editor / Translation: Roland Berga / Orbiter.ch Aerospace / Orbiter.ch Space News
List of publications on Orbiter.ch Space News (Archives):
CREATING A SECULAR SPACE IT CALENDAR - A CALENDAR PROBLEM FOR THE VATICAN? "RETURN TO PARADISE" Part 26.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2022/10/creating-secular-space-it-calendar.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Criterion of weightlessness (microgravity). Selenostrategy as a strategy of the IBMP RAS? Part 25
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/12/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Standard space calendar of Asgardia as a reference calendar of civilization. Part 24
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/11/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Homestatic ark as the main tool in space exploration strategy. Part 22
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/10/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_25.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Ideology of space expansion. Part 21
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/10/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - On the issue of standardization of the uniform space time of the Asgardian calendar in the AIS and the UN. Part 20
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/09/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-on.html
Exodus of civilization into space - The US decided to overtake China? "Plus the renewable electrification of the whole country?". Part 19.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/08/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-us.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Selenic Strategy - UN Ideology in the XXI Century? Part 18.1.2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/08/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Homeostatic Ark & Permanent bases on the Moon and Mars. Part 18.5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/07/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - American Jobs Plan. Part 18.4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/06/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - The space age of civilization began its new Third stage (civil). Part 18.3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/06/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Selenic Strategy - Ideology of the UN in the XXI Century. Part 18.2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_31.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Selenic Strategy - UN Ideology in the XXI Century. Part 18.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_25.html
Space Toilet and Problems of Intestinal Stick Infection. Part 17.7
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/space-toilet-and-problems-of-intestinal.html
Three Historical Stages of Cosmonautics Development. Part 17.6
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/three-historical-stages-of-cosmonautics.html
Brief Background to Selenopolitics (Industrial Colonization of the Moon). Part 17.5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/brief-background-to-selenopolitics.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Creation of the first ever mobile homeostatic ark (HA) in the USA. Part 16
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_5.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Apocalypse; View from the UK. Part 15
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_3.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Comparison of plans of NASA and Roscosmos. Part 14
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
The ideology of space expansion - The question of pregnancy and childbirth in zero gravity. Part 17.4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-ideology-of-space-expansion.html
Colonization of the Moon - The source of the power, wealth and power of civilization in the Universe. Part 17.3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/colonization-of-moon-source-of-power.html
Space manned industrialization of the XXI century - the golden age of civilization. Part 17.2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/space-manned-industrialization-of-xxi.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Humanity's strategy to create stationary and mobile Homeostatic arks. Part 17.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_21.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Tsiolkovsky Galactic State. Part 9
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_19.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Symbol of the End of the XXI century. Part 8
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_16.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Stopping the process of increasing value added. Part 7
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_14.html
Exodus of civilization into space - The sixth socio-economic formation of civilization. Part 6
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-sixth.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Space man. Part 5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Biological End of the World. Part 4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_7.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Geochronological Ice Ages, periods, eras. Part 3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_5.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Astrophysical End of the World. Part 2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
The ideology of space expansion - Space calendar. Part 1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-ideology-of-space-expansion-space.html
Related links:
About Ph.D. Morozov Sergey Lvovich: https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5fbb90753e3ad265054f930a/ob-avtore-kanala-5fbd2bf80b4af80149fb12c2
Original article in Russian on Zen.Yandex:
https://dzen.ru/a/YwpOQlZcmy_frXRP?&
Asgardia website: https://asgardia.space/
Author: Ph.D. & Asgardia Member of Parliament (AMP) Morozov Sergey Lvovich / Zen.Yandex. Editor / Translation: Orbiter.ch Aerospace, by Roland Berga, Asgardia Member of Parliament (AMP), Founder & Owner of Orbiter.ch Aerospace and Orbiter.ch Space News.
Best regards, Orbiter.ch
