Humanity Space Expansion logo.
Oct. 23, 2022
Image above: © Morozov S.L., 2021, Sergey Lvovich Morozov is the author of the secular reference standard digital space IT-calendar.
Ashurbeyli I.R. “Asgardia is a space nation. First five years. (2016-2021).
"To the distinguished Member of Parliament and author of the Asgardian calendar
Morozov Sergey Lvovich in good memory from Ashurbeyli I.R.
Moscow, July 13, 2022."
Image above: Dr. Igor Ashurbeyli, Head of the Nation of Asgardia, 2021.
Image above: Sergey Lvovich MOROZOV, author of the space calendar of Asgardia, candidate of medical sciences, sergey.morozov@asgardia.space.
EXACT REFERENCE STANDARD ASGUARDIAN TIME - "TIME STAMP"
[https://asgardia.space/en/calendar]
EXACT REFERENCE STANDARD "ASGARDIAN DAY" - "AD", - OR MOROZOV ASTRO NAVIGATION REFERENCE STANDARD - "MD" - "MOROZOVSKIY DAY"
THIS IS THE EXACT SUM OF DAYS FROM THE DATE OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE ASGARDIA SPACE CALENDAR:
FROM JANUARY 1, 2017 [1 AQUARIUS, 0001] TO OCTOBER 22, 2022 [15 OPHIUCHUS 0006]:
AD 2515.613473976139 days = MD 2515.613473976139 days
[1-31]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I - THE MOON AS THE MAIN VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION. SPACE SOCIETY.
PART II - THE ROLE OF SUPERVOLCANOES IN THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION.
CALENDAR LINKING OF EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION. REFERENCE CALENDAR TIMING OF THE HISTORICAL PROCESS.
EXAMPLE 1. Eruption of a supervolcano on the island of Santorini [THIRA]. EXODUS OF THE JEWISH FROM EGYPT IN 1446 [1441] BC [BCE]
EXAMPLE 2 CONSTRUCTION OF THE FIRST TEMPLE OF SOLOMON IN 966 BC [ALL] - 480 YEARS AFTER THE EXODUS OF THE JEWS FROM EGYPT.
[32-53]
PART III - VATICAN IS A POWERFUL SCIENTIFIC CENTER FOR SPACE RESEARCH OF MODERNITY.
THE ROLE OF THE VATICAN IN MODERN ASTROPHYSICAL SCIENCE AND CIVILIZATION.
THE END OF THE EARTH PAGAN TRADITIONS OF THE GRIGORIAN CALENDAR SYSTEM OF THE Vatican.
[54-63]
PART I
THE MOON AS THE MAIN VECTOR OF CIVILIZATION DEVELOPMENT. SPACE SOCIETY.
Dante Alighieri "The Divine Comedy"
"SEGUI IL TUO CORSO, E LASCIA DIR LE GENTI!"
"Follow your own path and let people say whatever they want!"
THE AGE OF THE BEGINNING OF PRACTICAL MANNED SPACE POPULATION BY HUMANITY REQUIRES NEW REFERENCE STANDARD TIME RECORDING SYSTEMS, UNIFIED FOR ALL PARTICIPANTS. THIS IS BOTH A SPACE CLOCK FOR ASTRONAUTS AND A SPACE CALENDAR.
THIS IS A NEW IDEOLOGY IN CHRONOLOGY WHICH DOES NOT HAVE A SINGLE TERMINOLOGY YET. WE CONDITIONALLY GIVE BELOW THREE OPTIONS OF NAMES AT THE FIRST STAGE OF THE FORMATION OF THIS SYSTEM.
THE SPACE REFERENCE STANDARD CALENDAR IS ALREADY INTRODUCED AND IS SUCCESSFULLY WORKING ON THE WORLDWIDE NETWORK FOR 6 YEARS FROM DECEMBER 18, 2019 [DECRET (DECRET) No. 38].
https://asgardia.space/en/calendar
A SPACE WATCH [like "Marstimer,"] IS ALSO ALREADY MANUFACTURED AND TESTED IN SWITZERLAND WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY IN SEPTEMBER 2022.
1. NEW UNIVERSAL IDEOLOGY IN CHRONOLOGY; OR "MONISTIC" CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARTH AND SPACE; OR A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL IDEOLOGY
THE SPACE STATE OF ASGARDIA INTRODUCED A DIGITAL REFERENCE STANDARD SECULAR ["CIVIL"] SPACE IT CALENDAR FROM DECEMBER 18, 2019 [DECRET (DECRET) No. 38]
DECREE No. 38. 16 Capricornus 0003 (18 December 2019)
About the introduction of the digital calendar as the state [calendar of Asgardia].
https://asgardia.space/ru/document/DECREE-No-38-On-Giving-Effect-to-the-Calendar-T/
The scientific community is convinced that eventually our descendants will populate the entire solar system. For those interested in space exploration, the only question is when?
Designed in the same spirit that sent the first humans into space, the Marstimer is created in Switzerland with the help of ESA, builds on this legacy and anticipates a new era of space exploration. ESA and Omega will launch the Marstimer: the first watch to tell the same time on Earth , and on Mars. Mars test time. September 29, 2022. Omega X-33 Marstimer."
1.1 Swiss watch brand Omega has teamed up with ESA to launch the Marstimer space watch
[Swiss watch brand Omega has teamed up with ESA to launch the Marstimer: the first watch to display the time on Earth and Mars. Developed in partnership with ESA’s Mars exploration teams and tested at ESA ESTEC, this new watch is space-tough and Mars-mission ready.
The Marstimer watch was officially unveiled at ESA’s ESTEC facility in The Netherlands on 27 September 2022. It’s the latest addition to Omega’s Speedmaster family of watches, which have a long association with space exploration.
They were worn by NASA's Gemini and Apollo astronauts, most famously during the Moon landing missions. They continue to be worn by astronauts today, including on the International Space Station.
The initial concept for the Marstimer came from ESA’s engineers and scientists, who wanted a watch with Mars-specific mission functions to help operate the Rosalind Franklin rover. The team got in touch with Omega and this led to a partnership to create a new watch.
The Marstimer was developed under ESA patents. It includes features from the previous ESA-Omega collaboration on the X-33 Skywalker that used ideas from ESA astronaut Jean-François Clervoy, plus multiple new ones. For example, as well as telling the time on Mars, the X-33 Marstimer can find true north on Earth and Mars without using a magnetic compass.
Space is a uniquely challenging environment. ESA builds spacecraft that can withstand extremes of temperature, the vacuum of space, the vibrations and stresses of launch, radiation and the harsh conditions of other worlds.
To ensure the Marstimer was space-ready, a suite of tests was developed with Omega and several prototype watches were successfully evaluated at ESA ESTEC. As a result, the watch bears the words ‘ESA tested and qualified’ on its caseback.
The Marstimer watch, developed with the same spirit that sent the first humans to space, builds on that heritage and looks forward to a new era of space exploration.
Note: ESA is an intergovernmental organisation and is not involved in the manufacturing or commercialisation of the Omega X-33 Marstimer.
- ESA supports European businesses developing new technology with its expertise and facilities. Find out more about ESA Partnerships: https://brand.esa.int/co-branding/
- Discover ESA's Terrae Novae exploration programme, including future Mars missions:
https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/Terrae_Novae_Europe_s_exploration_vision
Related link:
X-33 Skywalker: https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/ESA_and_Omega_a_watch_for_astronauts
European Space Agency (ESA): https://www.esa.int/
Images, Text, Credits: ESA/Omega.
Best regards, Orbiter.ch
Related article:
Testing time for Mars
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2022/09/testing-time-for-mars.html
Image above: The Marstimer watch, developed with the same spirit that sent the first humans to space, builds on that heritage and looks forward to a new era of space exploration. Note: ESA is an intergovernmental organisation and is not involved in the manufacturing or commercialisation of the Omega X-33 Marstimer.
Omega X-33 Marstimer
"Humanity will not remain forever on earth, but in the pursuit of light and space, it will first timidly penetrate beyond the atmosphere, and then conquer all the circumsolar space" (Tsiolkovsky, 1912).
[Vorobiev B., "Aeronautics in Our Time", 1912]
Humans first landed on the moon in 1969. The path is 0,0026 а.е. [1 a.e. = 1 a.u. = 1 AU = 149 597 870, 700 км - "one astronomical unit" (the average distance from the Earth to the Sun)] is not very far [the average distance from the Earth to the Moon is only 384,403 kilometers], but a start has been made.
The next point is still speculative, but the authors suggested two options for when humanity will reach Mars [the average distance from Earth to Mars is 228 million km (1.52 AU)]. They calculated that the first humans would set foot on the red planet in 2038, as planned by NASA's Artemis program. But, given the occasional delays, it could happen in 2048.
Humanity could probably reach the asteroid belt in 2073, the Jupiter system in 2103, and finally Saturn as early as 2132.
It is proposed to explore and gradually populate exoplanets located at a distance within a radius of 32 light years from our Sun.
https://sev.tv/news/68756.html
1.2 SpaceX Launched the 'Civilization Backup' Library to the Moon
“We all know that someday the human world will come to an end. It may be tomorrow, or it may be thousands of years from now - in any case, by now it is quite clear that the time of our life on Earth is limited.
Will a man-made catastrophe such as nuclear or biological warfare, climate change, or resource depletion lead to our doom, or will natural disasters, an astronomical event, or the evolution of a new superbug destroy humanity?"
Whatever the reason, the history of our planet and its life shows us that everything must pass and life on Earth will end physically.
Humanity is ultimately just a glimpse into the unimaginably long life of the spaceship we call Earth, but that doesn't mean we shouldn't try to save our knowledge and civilizations for future beings or sentient machines to teach them.
With that in mind, a Los Angeles-based non-profit organization called the Arch Mission Foundation set out to create a “civilization backup” that would outlast humanity in the event of a widespread catastrophe.
The first version of this backup has already been sent to the Moon.
The “Lunar Library,” as civilization’s backup is known, consists of 30 million pages of information engraved on tiny metal discs packaged in a DVD-sized container, and has been called “the first library on another celestial body” [similar to the library of the Ancient World in Alexandria in Egypt].
The disc was delivered aboard the privately funded Israeli spacecraft Beresheet, which was launched to the Moon aboard a SpaceX rocket on February 22, 2019.
The archive is conceived as an encyclopedia of human knowledge, containing more than 200 gigabytes of information, such as the entire English version of Wikipedia, thousands of works of literature, scientific literature and textbooks, as well as the Rosetta Stone, a complex consisting of 5,000 human languages and the means of translation between them.
Unfortunately Israel's Beresheet Spacecraft Crashes Into Moon During Landing Attempt:
Israel's Beresheet Spacecraft Crashes Into Moon During Landing Attempt
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2019/04/israels-beresheet-spacecraft-crashes.html
Beresheet Impact Site Spotted
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2019/05/beresheet-impact-site-spotted.html
The hard disk and all its data were destroyed during the crash on the Moon.
1.3 "Artemis": how the US wants to gain a foothold on the moon.
The United States and its allies are firmly committed to landing on the Moon in the 2020s. This should be only the first stage: then the creation of a permanent base and the "colonization" of the natural satellite of our planet will follow. This is the first stage in the colonization of the entire solar system by human civilization.
https://naked-science.ru/article/cosmonautics/artemida?ysclid=l7lqfmzvqr323669750
1.4 The moon has become a major international strategic and political issue.
“To everyone who is looking at the moon today and dreaming of the day when humanity will return to the lunar surface: guys, we are here! We are returning. And this journey, our journey begins with Artemis 1,” [NASA Administrator Bill Nelson].
https://tech.onliner.by/2022/08/30/nasa-artemida
In addition to American specialists, experts from Europe, Japan and Canada will take part in the Moon colonization program, but the US Space Agency [NASA] will, of course, be the first violin.
The Artemis program was made public in September 2020. Its main goal is the return of American astronauts to the lunar surface 53 years after the last mission, the construction of a near-lunar station and the preparation of conditions for the possible colonization of the Moon in the future.
According to the American experts from The Planetary Society, NASA has been developing the SLS launch vehicle and the Orion spacecraft for 17 years. For these purposes, the agency has already spent about $50 billion.
Whoever controls the Moon controls the Earth in the economic and military-political sense.
According to the previously presented data, the upcoming stages of the program look something like this:
https://www.interfax.ru/world/860597
- Artemis 1. In 2021-2022, they want to launch an unmanned capsule that will stay in orbit around the Moon for 25-42 days. She will then return to Earth. The launch is scheduled for the window from August 29 to September 5, 2022. The launch may take place within the next two other launch windows (September 19 - October 4 and October 17 - October 31, 2022).
But after several failed launch attempts due to technical problems (hydrogen leaks) the launch was postponed to November 2022:
NASA Sets Date for Next Launch Attempt for Artemis I Moon Mission
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2022/10/nasa-sets-date-for-next-launch-attempt.html
- Artemis 2. As part of the next phase, scheduled for 2023, the first manned flyby of the Moon will be performed.
- Artemis 3. In 2024, a man should land on the moon.
- The proposed landing site has already been determined: it will be the area near the South Pole of the Moon. The first manned lunar mission will take place with the participation of one man and one woman. They will stay on the surface of the moon for six and a half days.
The list of possible landing sites includes the following areas:
1. Faustini crater, or more precisely, its edge.
2. A hill near Shackleton Crater.
3. Just a couple of places are also on the edge of the De Gerlach crater.
4. Malapert crater.
5. Several points at once on the edge of the Nobile crater and several other potentially interesting places.
Related article:
NASA Identifies Candidate Regions for Landing Next Americans on Moon
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2022/08/nasa-identifies-candidate-regions-for.html
1.5 THOSE STATES WHICH DO NOT HAVE A TARGETED STATE INSTALLATION AND PROGRAM FOR PARTICIPATION IN MANNED EXPLORATION OF THE MOON WILL HAVE NEITHER TERRESTRIAL NOR SPACE FUTURE IN THE END. THIS IS A DIRECT WAY TO POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC NON-EXISTENCE.
1.6 WILL THE SECOND SPACE CAPITAL OF THE STATE OF ASGARDIA BE LOCATED ON THE MOON?
https://asgardia.space/assets/doc/constitution/russian.pdf
Constitution of Asgardia. Article 28, p. 23.
Capital 1. The space capital of Asgardia - "Asgard" or "Space Asgard" is located on a satellite or satellites currently operating in near-Earth orbit as part of an orbital constellation (localities).
On November 12, 2017, the Asgardia-1 satellite was successfully launched from the Wallops cosmodrome (Virginia, USA). Thus, Asgardia officially received its first state territory [First Space Capital] in space - the prototype of the National Ark of Asgardia.
In the future, the capital may be located on the "Space Ark" and, as a result, on the lunar constellation (localities) in accordance with international space law.
The Artemis 3 program can, theoretically, assist the state of Asgardia and place an artifact of the state of Asgardia on the moon during the first visit to the moon in 2024, when the landing of 2 NASA astronauts on the surface of the moon should take place?
Can this be considered the laying of the foundation stone for the Second Space Capital of Asgardia and the installation of its national flag on the surface of the Moon?
Currently, the First Space Capital of Asgardia, which was located on the artificial Earth satellite - Asgard-1, has ceased to exist due to the natural end of the life of the satellite in LEO in 2022.
Is relocating the capital of Asgardia on a LEO satellite not feasible either economically or politically?
"Artemis-1" on the launch-pad. August 2022.
https://naked-science.ru/magazine/47
Image above: Artemis [Diana] - Goddess of the Moon. Protector of hunting. Father - Zeus. Mother - Summer. Brother Apollo - God of the Sun. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus [one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World] in 356 BC, burned Herostratus to make himself famous. Alexander III the Great of Macedonia was born on this day in Pella (Greece, Macedonia).
1.7 SPACE SOCIETY
Today the whole world has rushed into space, including the Vatican. Since October 4, 1957, with the launch of the First artificial satellite of the Earth, the space era of human civilization has come.
A new socio-economic space formation is being created, the sixth in the history of mankind, non-class (classless) in its essence, peaceful in content.
The sixth - or space - OEF (socio-economic formation) will correspond to a special form of social structure. It will not have "class struggle", parties of different classes and class world wars. It will implement the "Principle of unity of command" or "Principle of the First Person".
The cosmic environment dictates specific conditions and rules for the community of members of the cosmic society. The Earth is considered as one of the spaceships on which the space society lives today.
Today the Earth is the main and only spaceship of civilization. The task of the space society and its states is the primary exploration of the Moon and other planets and space objects, artificial and natural, in outer space.
This is the task of the sixth OEF, which is directly opposed to the target task of the fifth and fourth OEF - capitalist and socialist construction for the "nouveau riche", "oligarchs" and other "exploiters" and "slave owners" under any "liberal masks" to build super yachts for them, super palaces, super toilets with gold toilet bowls, etc., that is, "liberal slavery" is being introduced, so to speak, as a principle?
In the Sixth GEF, the target setting of public interests and priorities in relation to the Fifth and Fourth GEF changes dramatically. Any form of "slavery" is completely prohibited.
The "slave", both de facto and de jure, has no initiative, his will is paralyzed by the "master-slave owner", which is in principle unacceptable in space, where everything should be exactly the opposite.
It is emphasized that the class priorities of the fourth and fifth CEF are the only and direct causes of all world wars that have been and are in the history of human civilization.
This is an inevitable stage in the development of civilization, which ends so dramatically in our time - a time of change.
The transition to the Sixth GEF will mean an unequivocal transition of humanity to eternal peace on Earth. Finally, the whole era of degenerative suicidal self-destruction of our only cosmic home in the Universe so far - our wonderful blue planet Earth - will end. This is obvious to all mentally normal people.
The head of state will have the opportunity to work in his post and manage the activities of the space society throughout his conscious life and have guarantees of the right to govern the state.
The number of space states in space will eventually be limited only by the number of independent state space locations where the Space Society will permanently reside.
The unification of these local space states into a single supranational structure will be the further development of space society in the Future, as K. Tsiolkovsky suggested:
"The people of Earth will someday unite and they will all be ruled by one Elected Council, under the direction of a President elected by the council."
"The Will of the Universe. Unknown intelligent forces. Author's edition, 1928
The number of terms for re-election of the Head of State, if he fulfills all the requirements of the law, will not be limited by anything, except for the state of his health and personal refusal from his post.
This will be his direct right to his position, which will be protected by the Constitution of the space country. The leadership of the country will be elected by direct vote. All citizens who have reached the age of majority will have the right to take part in the voting.
In space in the Sixth OEF there will be no modern "terrestrial democracy" in the version of the Fifth and Fourth OEF in its pure form - these concepts are not equivalent. "Slavery" in any of its forms, even "liberal", in space is unacceptable in any form.
In space there will be "space democracy" of the space society Sixth OEF. The space environment dictates special requirements for the first persons ruling the country, for their state of health and individual abilities. For a successful life in space, the principle of unity of command and trust of citizens in the first persons of the state is especially important. This fundamental principle is put at the forefront.
Has China already taken this path by lifting restrictions on the number of elections for Comrade Xi Jinping as head of state?
What is the "Space Society?" It is arranged, figuratively speaking, on the principle of controlling a "spaceship". Everything is optimized and rational: "Being determines consciousness." Errors in space are often simply not compatible with life itself.
The experience of 65 years of space exploration is a direct proof of this. This experience is written in the blood of the dead astronauts. So it was and is in aviation today.
Air crashes very often have a purely human factor - the "First Person Factor". Space in this regard is even more severe than terrestrial aviation. There is no place in space for inactive "slaves" in any form of this "slavery" - literally and figuratively.
At the end of its industrial production, this society will produce spaceships of various classes, without the production of which the exploration of outer space is physically impossible.
Without the development of space technologies, a space state will not be able to fulfill its intended purpose of space exploration. This is on the one hand.
On the other hand, the state will purposefully prepare all members of society so that they are comprehensively developed, physically fit, able to actively live and work in open space at its various locations.
The task of the space society will be subordinated to the main requirement - the exploration of outer space by mankind and its civilization.
The space society will constantly develop the most advanced space technologies in all spheres of intelligent human activity, making each individual happy and healthy, and the whole society as a whole rational and balanced.
The space society is directed to the future. It protects the health of all its citizens within the framework of practical expediency and the ability to live in space.
This is a society of universal progress and prosperity for each of its citizens individually and all citizens together as a single whole. The space society puts forward, grows and forms its leaders from the very birth. Space society excludes the exploitation of man by man.
This is the most just society of social and cultural prosperity, as far as possible at this level of its economic and social perfection.
This society maximally takes into account the wisdom accumulated over thousands of years of philosophical, biblical and religious principles, rules and commandments, tested by centuries of human community.
This is a fundamentally non-capitalist and non-socialist secular (civil) society with the obligatory separation of all spiritual confessions from the state.
This is a socially balanced society of free people, regardless of their race and skin color, who receive from society everything necessary for their full development and, in turn, consciously give society the maximum possible return.
All citizens are equal before the law of the space state and its society. Slavery is unacceptable in space in any form or form, even "liberal".
All activities of the space society will be subordinated to the main task of the successful exploration of outer space. All laws and the Constitution, as the main Law, will have to satisfy this key requirement, including the gender policy of the space society, which will be subordinated in everything to the tasks of space exploration by human civilization.
The continuation of a full-fledged, healthy biological human race in space, the birth of new people in space, their development and upbringing will be of paramount importance for the prosperity of space society in the Universe in the unlimited prospect of conquering the expanses of outer space in many of its locations.
In the space society there will be the most balanced private and public production, public ownership of the main means of production, natural monopolies, energy resources, natural raw materials, social networks of communications - (media, finance, banks, insurance companies, diplomacy, special services, police, army, punishment systems , courts, jurisdiction, housing, medicine, science, education, sports, recreation, treatment, post office, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, Internet, film production, printing, electricity and water supply, sewerage networks, electricity, gas, hydrogen networks - and oil distribution, railways, metro, water, road, air and space transport) - and private ownership of minor means of production or parts of fixed means of production in special cases stipulated by the Constitution and due to the real space situation at the locations of specific residence in space.
The space society will be built on the principle of unity of command and lifelong Constitutional leadership, limited only by special circumstances specifically stipulated in the Constitution.
The unity of command of the leader will be combined with his subordination and accountability to Parliament and all members of society who elect him, as a rule, for a period not limited by the number of elections, during the entire period of his active life, while the leader is able to fully perform his functions in accordance with by law.
The leader of the state and his team will regularly individually report to the Parliament for the work done and will submit new plans for its further development for approval by the entire space society and its Parliament.
The first ever developed Constitution of the space state is the Constitution of the space state of Asgardia, adopted by referendum on July 18, 2017 / (1 Leo 0001) - [Igor Ashurbeyli. Asgardia. Space Nation. THE FIRST FIVE YEARS. 2021. pp. 48-72]
Dr. Igor Ashurbeyli, who was recently successfully re-elected for a second five-year term, was elected as the first Head of the space state of Asgardia.
In Decree no. 63 Heads of the Nation of 03 Scorpius 0006 (September 12, 2022) with reference to the Protocol of the CEC states: “I declare the election of the new Head of the Nation of Asgardia successfully completed and I begin my activity as the Head of the Nation of Asgardia for a new five-year term in accordance with Article 32 of the Constitution of Asgardia.”
https://www.ashurbeyli.ru/news/article/glava-nacii-asgardiya-igor-ashurbeyli-pereizbran-n-19311?ysclid=l9ebqxmirc357954227
1.7.1 SPACE SOCIETY AND SPACE STATE
The concept of "Space Society" and the concept of "Space State" are not equivalent to each other.
"Space society" is a specific socio-economic formation (SEF) of human civilization in the broad sense of the word, - in this case - the Sixth SEF.
"Space State" is one of the possible political forms of the "Space Society", which theoretically can be an unlimited number.
One of these political forms is its first most developed form - the "Space State of Asgardia", created on October 12, 2016 by Dr. Igor Ashurbeyli. This is the most important real concrete step in the cosmic direction of the development of civilization.
1.8 Since October 4, 1957, humanity has gone into space for the first time. Chief designer S.P. Korolev in the USSR launched the first artificial satellite of the Earth into orbit with an apogee of 947 km, a perigee of 228 km, and a full revolution time of 96 min 12 sec. It was the first orbital space flight in history. From that moment, the Space Age of human civilization began.
1.9 The first suborbital space flight was made 15 years earlier than the first orbital flight - on October 3, 1942. The V-2 rocket of the German engineer Wernher von Braun rose to a height of 84.5 km above the Earth's surface, but did not reach the first space velocity and did not enter the orbit of the Earth's satellite. From that moment on, the pre-Space Age of human civilization began. It lasted exactly 15 years from day to day.
Escape velocity - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_velocity#From_an_orbiting_body
The V-2 rocket in this flight for the first time in history crossed the “Karman line” (Karman line) - a conditional line calculated in 1956 theoretically by Theodore von Karman (Theodore von Kármán, 1881-1963). There are three definitions of the term "Karman line".
1) The classic definition of the Karman line: this is a line equal to an altitude of 275,000 feet (52.08 miles; 83.82 km) - which was proposed by Theodor von Karman as a theoretical average of the minimum height of the border between "Aeronautics" and Astronautics, along which the "edge of airspace" intersects tangentially with the "edge of space". This was the first formal "watershed" of history.
According to this criterion, the V-2 rocket for the first time in history went into open space on October 3, 1942.
2) NASA definition: "NASA used the 122 kilometers (400,000 ft) mark as the boundary of the atmosphere for the shuttles, where the shuttles would switch from engine-assisted maneuvering to aerodynamic maneuvering [via a vertical keel and horizontal wings and their mechanization]." The Space Shuttle actually switched from rocket maneuvering to aerodynamic maneuvering at an altitude of 122 km. Specifically for the shuttles, this height was their individual aerodynamic "Karman line".
3) FAI definition: "According to the FAI definition, the Karman Line is conventionally located at an altitude of 100 km above sea level."
Von Kármán line - Wikipedia
https://translated.turbopages.org/proxy_u/en-ru.ru.0b627e7b-633d79eb-b160ce52-74722d776562/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line
Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth
The V-2 rocket opened up new horizons for humanity. Practically all the rocket programs of the world, including Israeli and Chinese, came out of the school of Wernher von Braun.
The documentation and infrastructure were studied in detail by Soviet specialists, many employees of the plant in Peenemünde, where the V-2 rocket was created, were taken prisoner and helped in the development of the first Soviet missiles.
V-2 rocket
1.10 HOW THE CHIEF DESIGNER S.P. KOROLEV AND MINISTER OF DEFENSE OF THE USSR, MARSHAL OF THE SOVIET UNION G.K. ZHUKOV?
Since October 4, 1957, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev in the USSR successfully continued, following Wernher von Braun, the era of practical exploration of the Universe.
Korolev wanted to hold his launch on exactly the same date - October 3 - so that both the dates of the first suborbital space flight and the first orbital space flight would coincide and be celebrated simultaneously as the first historical exit of human civilization into space.
On October 2, 1957, Korolev signed an order on flight tests of the first ever artificial Earth satellite ["PS-1"] and sent a notification to Moscow about the readiness of the missile system for launch.
To Korolev's complete surprise, there were no response instructions from the leaders of the USSR Ministry of Defense, and Korolev independently decided to place the rocket with the satellite at the starting position in violation of all the rules of space launches (without permission "from above"). Secretly, he hoped for a direct conversation with N.S. Khrushchev?
Korolev did not know - and even theoretically could not know - that "October 4, 1957, in the morning, USSR Minister of Defense Marshal Zhukov flew from Moscow to Sevastopol. Already in the evening of October 4, 1957, the Kuibyshev cruiser with the marshal on board left Sevastopol on an official visit to Yugoslavia."
"Just at the time when Zhukov was leaving Sevastopol on the cruiser Kuibyshev and admiring the Black Sea landscapes, on October 4, 1957 at 22-28 (Moscow time), at the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense" Tyura-Tam "(later called "Baikonur"), the next tests of the intercontinental ballistic missile "R-7" were carried out, notable for the fact that as part of these tests, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched into orbit. However, the Minister of Defense of the USSR was in no way involved in this global event.
Formally, Zhukov was removed at the October 1957 plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU. But in reality, the decisive stage of the operation to remove it took place during his official visit to Yugoslavia [October 4, 1957]."
The calculated start window at Baikonur [UTC+6] opened from October 3 at 6 am Baikonur time and ended on October 4 at 6 am. Korolev waited until the last moment for permission to start from Moscow, but the USSR Ministry of Defense seemed to have forgotten about Korolev. The time of the calculated starting window of the launch was inexorably ending. No instructions were received from the USSR Ministry of Defense from Moscow.
And against this background of complete uncertainty, Korolev made the final decision himself, perfectly aware of how all this could end for him at one moment if failure follows. And even luck, in general, did not guarantee him anything from re-landing in the Gulag or its analogue. He probably just did not want this start to be canceled for some reason from Moscow at the very last moment ...
What actually happened at that time in Moscow was fateful, but it had nothing to do with him specifically and did not threaten him in any way. However, the unknown tormented him with its absolute unpredictability, and he was lost in conjectures ...
This start was the meaning of his life. Korolev dreamed about this start while in the Gulag camps. He understood all the greatness of the current moment: it was the beginning of the space age of the entire human civilization. He saw that his every step at the spaceport was under close supervision and control.
"On that night, when the Sputnik first traced the sky, I (...) looked up and thought about the predestination of the future. After all, that little light, rapidly moving from edge to edge of the sky, was the future of all mankind.
I knew that although the Russians are excellent in their endeavors, we will soon follow them and take their proper place in the sky (...).
That light in the sky made humanity immortal. The earth still could not remain our haven forever, because one day it may expect death from cold or overheating.
Humanity was ordained to become immortal, and that light in the sky above me was the first glimpse of [this] immortality.
I have blessed the Russians for their audacity and anticipation of [pushing] the creation of NASA in the US by President Eisenhower shortly after these events." — Ray Bradbury.
At some point, Korolev decided for himself that he now had nothing to lose, and he gave the command to launch the PS-1 Sputnik on his own, as Elon Musk does today, launching his rocket systems. It was this "paradoxical" decision of his that made his name historical. He overcame the fear of the system in which he had been all his life, the fear of another landing in the Gulag... He overcame himself...
As it turned out later in a detailed analysis of this historical flight, less than one second separated success from a complete failure of the launch due to a banal failure of not very perfect technology...
[At the 16th second of the flight, the tank emptying system (SES) failed, and due to the increased consumption of kerosene, the central engine turned off 1 second ahead of the estimated time.
According to the memoirs of B. E. Chertok: “A little more - and the first cosmic speed could not be achieved. But the winners are not judged! Great things have happened!"]
But "The winner is not judged"... Fate was on his side this time, and not on the side of the Gulag, although Albert Einstein believed that "God does not play dice"...
The real successful launch of the first artificial Earth satellite [AES] was carried out on the personal order of Korolev on Friday, October 4, at 22:28:34 Moscow time (19:28:34 GMT, UTC), when the launch window time was long expired [in Baikonur it was early morning on October 5, 1957 - 01:28:34, - UTC + 6] ... Korolev "played a game" with God himself?
On this fateful Friday, October 4, 1957, Korolev, figuratively speaking, carried the "cross" of the world history of civilization all alone. Only he alone knew about its exorbitant severity ... Did he fulfill the "will of God"? Does God always stand behind his prophets? ...
Was it both his Golgotha and his Triumph at the same time? With this "paradoxical" phenomenon, he entered the history of mankind and civilization forever.
1.11 WHY KOROLEV CONSCIOUSLY EXCEEDED HIS AUTHORITIES AND FIGHTED WITH THE MILITARY AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP OF THE COUNTRY? FOR WHAT AND HOW HE WAS "REVENGED"?
His achievements were constantly appropriated by persons "necessary" for the authorities. The same situation was acutely experienced, as a personal insult, by the “unknown” “closed” chief designers and the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Keldysh, among others.
Name Keldysh M.V. also kept hidden. These people were "closed", they were "travel slaves" of the Soviet political system.
Keldysh, for example, had relatives in France. He was forbidden to communicate with them. Many of his phenomenal discoveries and inventions were published under false names. His most important works on flutter and shimmy were classic, key works in aviation.
The magazine "Quick" published photographs of the "father of the red rocket", who was not named engineer Korolev, who was hunted down in the Gulag for nothing, for no reason, but "his own" president of the Soviet Academy of Artillery Sciences A.A. Blagonravov. "Father of the Red Moon" (the first satellite PS-1) was called "their" field academician L.I. Sedov.
If Korolev had not exceeded his powers on October 4, 1957 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, would we still be fooled by the "false fathers" of Soviet cosmonautics such as "gray-haired" and "good-tempered"?
The launch of the PS-1 satellite somehow allegedly "completely by chance" coincided with Blagonravov's visit to the geophysical congress in Washington and Sedov's visit to the astronautics congress in Barcelona.
At this congress, Sedov made a brilliant report (obviously written for him by one of the rocket specialists) about the First AES on the day of its launch on October 4, 1957, which supposedly "quite by accident" coincided with the opening day of the congress.
These two dummy Soviet "their" traveling "pseudo-scientists" received the greatest number of congratulations. Their portraits from different angles went around the entire world press as "creators, authors and fathers" of Soviet cosmonautics. But at the same time, they had nothing to do with either the creation of the “red rocket” or the creation of the “red moon”.
The false authors, however, did not apologize, they did not renounce the titles of the "fathers" of Soviet cosmonautics assigned to them, they accepted congratulations and honors, although these "false fathers" of Soviet cosmonautics knew perfectly well the truth and the names of the true creators of the R-7 rocket and satellite PS-1, who passed (and others who passed) the Gulag camp and miraculously survived (and survived). They lived with subscriptions to "non-disclosure." Such convicts included, in particular, a friend of Korolev and Keldysh, academician B.V. Rauschenbach.
Boris Viktorovich Raushenbakh (January 5 [18], 1915, Petrograd - March 27, 2001, Moscow) - Soviet and Russian mechanical physicist, one of the founders of Soviet cosmonautics, doctor of technical sciences, professor.
Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1984; corresponding member 1966). Hero of Socialist Labor (1990). Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1960). Member of the CPSU since 1959.
B.V. On January 1, 1946, Raushenbakh was released from imprisonment [of the Gulag] and sent to a special settlement in Nizhny Tagil. He did not get a job there, but continued theoretical research for NII-1 of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry (former RNII).
The scientific director of NII-1, M. V. Keldysh, achieved the return of B. V. Raushenbakh from Nizhny Tagil, and in 1948 he returned to Moscow, where he continued to work with Keldysh.
In 1949 he defended his candidate's, in 1958 - his doctoral dissertation. Developed the theory of vibration combustion, acoustic oscillations in ramjet engines.
In 1955-1959, having gone to work at OKB-1 to S.P. Korolev, he performed pioneering work on the orientation of spacecraft and their movement in a world devoid of gravity.
In 1960 he received the Lenin Prize for his unique work on photographing the far side of the Moon (Luna-3 spacecraft).
In less than ten years, under his leadership, systems for the orientation and flight correction of the interplanetary automatic stations "Mars", "Venus" (Venera), "Zond", communication satellites "Molniya", automatic and manual control of manned spacecraft were also implemented.
The first detachment of cosmonauts of the USSR in Sochi. May 1961
1.11.1 THE FIRST COSMONAUTE TEAM
The first detachment of cosmonauts in Sochi. May 1961 (Image above)
Sitting in the front row from left to right: Pavel Popovich (1), Viktor Gorbatko (2), Evgeny Khrunov (3), Yuri Gagarin (4), Sergei Korolev (5), his wife Nina Koroleva with Popovich's daughter Natasha (6), Evgeny Karpov (head of the Cosmonaut Training Center) (7), Nikolai Nikitin (parachute training coach) (8), Evgeny Fedorov (doctor) (9).
Standing in the second row from left to right: Alexei Leonov (10), Andriyan Nikolaev (11), Mars Rafikov (12), Dmitry Zaikin (13), Boris Volynov (14), German Titov (15), Grigory Nelyubov (16), Valery Bykovsky (17), Georgy Shonin (18). In the back row from left to right: Valentin Filatiev (19), Ivan Anikeev (20) and Pavel Belyaev (21). Photo: Archive of the Museum of the History of Russian Medicine of the State Research Institute of Military Medicine
Subsequently, six out of twenty people were selected. One of the important criteria for selecting Gagarin for this mission was his height, which once bothered him so much. The spaceship did not have enough space and was too small even for a man of average height.
With the help of merciless tests, Korolev chose the person who preferred the truth, instead of excellent indicators, because in flight it was impossible to predict all situations and it was necessary that the cosmonaut honestly talk about what was happening and his condition, and not try his best and under any circumstances. circumstances, "keep up the good work", did not try to create a false impression about himself and would not work "for the public."
Gagarin was not the best of the 20 contenders, but he was undoubtedly "the most correct" and the only one in this sense of all.
Related article:
Gagarin - the first cosmonaut-politician involuntarily (In Russian)
https://dzen.ru/media/shkolaanalitiki/gagarin--pervyi-kosmonavtpolitik-ponevole-5e9f50c0d836344f31c7d1a1
At the beginning of 1960, the first - "Gagarin" - detachment of astronauts was created, and Raushenbakh took an active part in the preparation of the first manned flight into space.
He considered a particularly outstanding and prepared candidate for the first space flight, along with Yuri Gagarin, pilot Grigory Nelyubov.
Grigory Grigoryevich Nelyubov (March 31, 1934, Porfiryevka, Saki district, Crimean ASSR - February 18, 1966, Kremovo village, Primorsky Territory) - Soviet military pilot, member of the first detachment of Soviet cosmonauts.
Grigory Nelyubov - Wikipedia (In Russian)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Nelyubov
Related article:
The Lost Cosmonauts - "In Memoriam"
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2011/12/lost-cosmonauts-in-memoriam.html
1.11.2 WHO IS THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR?
Already after the successful completion of the first space flight of Yuri Gagarin, the Swedish Academy of Sciences proposed to award the creator of the first manned spacecraft Vostok with the Nobel Prize and applied to the USSR Academy of Sciences with a request.
Khrushchev's incorrect answer followed in the spirit that the creator of the Vostok spacecraft was "the entire Soviet Union" and "the entire Soviet people." [Khrushchev thought first of all about himself personally?]
Was Korolev frankly "pushed aside" from his offspring, creating a wall of moral degenerates - "gray-haired and well-behaved"?
A more stupid answer could hardly have been thought of than the answer of N.S. Khrushchev.
Meanwhile, for this achievement, Khrushchev himself and one of the then secretaries of the Central Committee of the CPSU Frol Romanovich Kozlov were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Gold Star of the Hero medal and the Order of Lenin.
Korolev was left without a Nobel Prize. He did not want to work for another sham "his" "degenerate academician" and make him his next "his" fake visiting "Nobel laureate".
He had a hard time when, by order of Khrushchev, he was not allowed into Red Square, when Yuri Gagarin was honored after his triumphant first space flight in history. But he was supposed to be next to them at the Mausoleum then with the name "Lenin-Stalin".
The same story was repeated in all subsequent cases of honoring the first cosmonauts. Korolev understood that this was not at all an accident. He saw. that he was systematically pushed aside from his authorship in the results he received. It was "closed down" for good.
Khrushchev N.S. knew that Stalin personally appointed Korolev to his post after he signed the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the creation of a new space branch of the national economy of the USSR on May 13, 1946.
Stalin met several times with both Korolev and Glushko and discussed with them the key problems of the development of rocket technology in the USSR.
USSR COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
RESOLUTION dated May 13, 1946 No. 1017-419ss
QUESTIONS OF REACTIVE WEAPONS
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I. Stalin
Y. Chadayev, manager of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
R. Alekseev, the creator of hydrofoil ships, ekranoplanes and ekranoplanes, suffered the same fate of "pushing back from his offspring"; and P. Sukhoi, the creator of the famous titanium "weave", with a speed higher than the speed of any anti-aircraft missiles of that time; and S. Lavochkin, who created the first Burya cruise missile, which, with its phenomenal speed and dagger final strike program, was invulnerable to any modern enemy air defense.
https://osiktakan.ru/1-isz0.html?ysclid=l8x8ho5kq7780597855
End of the part 26.1
Author: Ph.D. Morozov Sergey Lvovich.
Editor: Roland Berga / Orbiter.ch Aerospace / Orbiter.ch Space News
List of publications on Orbiter.ch Space News (Archives):
Exodus of civilization into space - Criterion of weightlessness (microgravity). Selenostrategy as a strategy of the IBMP RAS? Part 25
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/12/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Standard space calendar of Asgardia as a reference calendar of civilization. Part 24
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/11/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Homestatic ark as the main tool in space exploration strategy. Part 22
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/10/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_25.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Ideology of space expansion. Part 21
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/10/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - On the issue of standardization of the uniform space time of the Asgardian calendar in the AIS and the UN. Part 20
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/09/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-on.html
Exodus of civilization into space - The US decided to overtake China? "Plus the renewable electrification of the whole country?". Part 19.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/08/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-us.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Selenic Strategy - UN Ideology in the XXI Century? Part 18.1.2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/08/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Homeostatic Ark & Permanent bases on the Moon and Mars. Part 18.5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/07/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - American Jobs Plan. Part 18.4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/06/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - The space age of civilization began its new Third stage (civil). Part 18.3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/06/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Selenic Strategy - Ideology of the UN in the XXI Century. Part 18.2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_31.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Selenic Strategy - UN Ideology in the XXI Century. Part 18.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_25.html
Space Toilet and Problems of Intestinal Stick Infection. Part 17.7
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/space-toilet-and-problems-of-intestinal.html
Three Historical Stages of Cosmonautics Development. Part 17.6
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/three-historical-stages-of-cosmonautics.html
Brief Background to Selenopolitics (Industrial Colonization of the Moon). Part 17.5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/brief-background-to-selenopolitics.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Creation of the first ever mobile homeostatic ark (HA) in the USA. Part 16
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_5.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Apocalypse; View from the UK. Part 15
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_3.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Comparison of plans of NASA and Roscosmos. Part 14
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
The ideology of space expansion - The question of pregnancy and childbirth in zero gravity. Part 17.4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-ideology-of-space-expansion.html
Colonization of the Moon - The source of the power, wealth and power of civilization in the Universe. Part 17.3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/colonization-of-moon-source-of-power.html
Space manned industrialization of the XXI century - the golden age of civilization. Part 17.2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/space-manned-industrialization-of-xxi.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Humanity's strategy to create stationary and mobile Homeostatic arks. Part 17.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_21.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Tsiolkovsky Galactic State. Part 9
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_19.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Symbol of the End of the XXI century. Part 8
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_16.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Stopping the process of increasing value added. Part 7
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_14.html
Exodus of civilization into space - The sixth socio-economic formation of civilization. Part 6
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-sixth.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Space man. Part 5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-space.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Biological End of the World. Part 4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_7.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Geochronological Ice Ages, periods, eras. Part 3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_5.html
Exodus of civilization into space - Astrophysical End of the World. Part 2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html
The ideology of space expansion - Space calendar. Part 1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-ideology-of-space-expansion-space.html
Related links:
About Ph.D. Morozov Sergey Lvovich: https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5fbb90753e3ad265054f930a/ob-avtore-kanala-5fbd2bf80b4af80149fb12c2
Original article in Russian on Zen.Yandex:
https://dzen.ru/a/YwpOQlZcmy_frXRP?&
Asgardia website: https://asgardia.space/
Author: Ph.D. & Asgardia Member of Parliament (AMP) Morozov Sergey Lvovich / Zen.Yandex. Editor / Translation: Orbiter.ch Aerospace, by Roland Berga, Asgardia Member of Parliament (AMP), Founder & Owner of Orbiter.ch Aerospace and Orbiter.ch Space News.
Best regards, Roland Berga (Aka Orbiter.ch)
