mercredi 10 novembre 2021

NASA Outlines Challenges, Progress for Artemis Moon Missions

 







NASA - ARTEMIS Program logo.


Nov 10, 2021

In the first major Artemis update provided under the Biden-Harris Administration, NASA leadership discussed Tuesday the challenges and progress of America’s lunar exploration plans and reiterated a long-term commitment to exploring the Moon and sending astronauts to Mars.

The update follows a judge’s recent decision to uphold NASA’s selection of SpaceX to develop and demonstrate a modern human lunar lander for returning astronauts to the Moon for the first time in more than 50 years.

The Moon. Image Credit: NASA

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson spearheaded the conversation, laying out the path forward for early Artemis missions that will pave the way for lunar surface missions.

“We’re pleased with the U.S. Court of Federal Claims’ thorough evaluation of NASA’s source selection process for the human landing system (HLS), and we have already resumed conversations with SpaceX. It’s clear we’re both eager to get back to work together and establish a new timeline for our initial lunar demonstration missions,” Nelson said. “Returning to the Moon as quickly and safely as possible is an agency priority. However, with the recent lawsuit and other factors, the first human landing under Artemis is likely no earlier than 2025.”

Prior to that surface mission, NASA is focused on the Artemis I uncrewed and Artemis II crewed flight tests around the Moon. Nelson announced the Orion spacecraft development cost now is $9.3 billion from fiscal year 2012 through the first crewed flight test no later than May 2024. The Artemis II mission includes sending astronauts aboard Orion farther into space than any humans have ever traveled before, roughly 40,000 miles past the Moon, before returning home.  

Those missions, as well as a future uncrewed lander demonstration mission with SpaceX, will precede the Artemis III crewed lunar landing mission. NASA also plans to issue a formal solicitation next spring for recurring human landing systems services.

Among the challenges the agency and its partners have addressed in deep space exploration development, Nelson noted a delayed lunar landing is due, in part, to first-time development challenges, an almost seven-month delay due to the HLS lawsuit, Congress not appropriating sufficient funds for the HLS competition, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Trump Administration’s landing goal of 2024 not being technically feasible.

“Going forward, NASA is planning for at least 10 Moon landings in the future, and the agency needs significant increases in funding for future lander competition, starting with the 2023 budget,” said Nelson.

In the meantime, there are efforts to reduce costs and streamline operations underway. The agency has issued a request for information to industry to maximize efficiencies in the Space Launch System (SLS) enterprise and also has asked industry partners to build spacesuits and provide spacewalk services for International Space Station and Artemis program missions.

It also has been about 45 days since NASA announced it was reorganizing its human spaceflight programs into two key mission directorates, Space Operations, as well as Exploration Systems Development. That change is helping the agency put focused oversight in place to support and execute missions in low-Earth orbit and at the Moon and Mars.

The agency’s update does not affect later Artemis mission schedules and lunar surface plans, including Gateway development and other activities later in the decade. NASA and its international and commercial partners also are building Gateway, a lunar orbiting outpost that will provide critical infrastructure and functionality for long-term exploration of the Moon and Mars, as well as other enabling technologies. NASA encourages our partners to continue research and development activities for lunar science and exploration as planned as we move closer than ever before to establishing a long-term human presence at the Moon.

NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy said, "What we're doing is one of the great undertakings of humanity – the scope of it from SLS to Orion to Gateway, human landing systems, ground systems, communications, spacesuits and more – its staggering. First at the Moon, and then at Mars. But we're NASA, and we're rising to the challenge.”

Learn more about the agency’s Artemis program: https://www.nasa.gov/artemis

Image (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Sean Potter/Jackie McGuinness.

Greetings, Orbiter.ch

Exodus of civilization into space - Standard space calendar of Asgardia as a reference calendar of civilization. Part 24

 








Humanity Space Expansion logo.


Nov.10, 2021


Image above: Sergey Lvovich MOROZOV, Candidate of Medical Sciences, sergey.morozov@asgardia.space

ABSTRACT:

Man lives in time and space, and already in ancient times he realized the need to measure time and length - the characteristics of space.

To measure is to compare the measured quantity with another quantity of the same kind, called a unit of measurement. This unit should be a clearly defined and unchanging quantity - a standard.

A science called metrology deals with the creation of standards. The meter is taken as the standard of length. The second is taken as the standard of time, the calendar is taken as the standard of the length of the year.

For the first time in history, we have Asgardia's civil solar tropical 7-position calendar, which is perfectly accurate to averages up to 7 decimal places in relation to the average duration of a tropical solar year.

It has been operating since 2019 in automatic mode on the official website of Asgardia in all time zones simultaneously, and synchronized with the atomic clock of the uniform International Atomic Time (TAI). https://asgardia.space/en/calendar

The Asgardia Institute of Standards (AIS) has developed a preliminary standard for the world's first space reference civil mathematical digital 13-month 7-position calendar, which can be used as the world reference standard UN calendar.
http://www.asgardiainstituteofstandards.space/

Key words: Asgardia calendar standard at Asgardia Standards Institute (AIS); standard 13-month digital civil reference 7-position calendar; world reference standard calendar of the United Nations.

Abstract. Man lives in time and space, and already in ancient times there was a need to measure time and length - characteristics of space.

To measure means to compare a measured quantity with another quantity of the same kind, called a unit of measurement. This unit should be a clearly defined and unchangeable value - a standard.

The science called metrology is engaged in the creation of standards. A meter is taken as the standard of length. A second is taken as the standard of time, a calendar is taken as the standard of the duration of the year.

For the first time in history, we have the civil solar calendar of Asgardia, which is perfectly accurate in average values ​​up to the 7th decimal place relative to the average duration of a tropical solar year. It has been operating since 2019 in automatic mode on the official website of Asgardia worldwide in all time zones simultaneously, and is synchronized with the atomic clock of Uniform International Atomic Time (TAI). https://asgardia.space/en/calendar

The Asgardia Institute of Standards (AIS) has developed a preliminary standard for the world's first reference civil mathematical digital 13-month 7-position calendar, which can be used as the UN world reference standard calendar.

Keywords: Asgardia Calendar Standard at the Asgardia Institute of Standards (AIS); standard 13-month digital civil Reference 7-position calendar; UN World Reference Standard calendar.

Uniform reference time tracking on Earth and in space in the form of a space calendar is an important condition for the formation of the sixth socio-economic formation. It is also called “astronautical” or “information-space”, or “digital”, or “fifth technological order” or “new world economic order”.

The founder of the modern mathematical direction in calendar theory is the German astronomer and mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855). In 1832, Gauss created the world's first scientific system of standard reference units of measurement - an absolute system of measures, consisting of three measures (time, mass and length) [1].

In 1799, Gauss developed a mathematical method (algorithm) for determining the date of the celebration of the Jewish Passover and the Christian Passover for any year: for both the Julian and Gregorian calendars [2].

DI. Mendeleev was a follower of Gauss and the forerunner of modern metrology and standardization in Russia. Since 1892, he headed the Depot of Exemplary Weights and Measures (later - the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures of the Russian Empire, the prototype of all modern institutions of standards and measurement standards, exemplary weights and measures). In 1899, Mendeleev drew attention to the absence of a single world standard of annual (calendar) time throughout the history of civilization. He proposed, within the framework of the Russian Academy of Sciences, to adopt a 12-month Julian analog calendar in the version of the German astronomer I.G. Mädler (Johann Heinrich von Mädler, 1794-1874) [3].

But in 1907 Mendeleev died. In 1909, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, American admiral and astronomer Simon Newcomb (1835-1909), who was a friend of Mendeleev and curator of the entire project of the new calendar in Russia, died. In 1914, the First World War began, and the calendar project was temporarily forgotten in Russia.

In 1925, Soviet professor N.I. Idelson in the book "History of the calendar" [4]. But his attempt to improve the 12-month analog calendar of Medler was deadlocked and had no result.

In April 1956, at the 21st session of the UN Economic and Social Council, at the initiative of the Government of India, the issue of adopting an improved world calendar based on the Gregorian analogue Catholic calendar of 1582, which is the intellectual property of the Vatican, was discussed as a civil standard reference. The final resolution of the issue was then postponed. The issue has not been resolved until today due to the special clerical position of the Vatican.

The digital civil tropical 13-month (7-position) space calendar of Asgardia, proposed by the author in [5], is the first reference standard world calendar of civilization, built on the leap formula (31/128) - the "Morozov calendar constant" - and on the principle calendar equivalence. This calendar is civil and does not serve any clerical cults.

It has no error in relation to the mean tropical solar year, first calculated by the astronomer-mathematician Kepler [6] in 1627. The duration of the Kepler average tropical year was 365 (31/128) days = 365.2421875 days = 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 45 seconds = 31,556,925 seconds.

The Gregorian calendar lags behind the average tropical solar year by 27 seconds per year (its duration is 31,556,952 seconds). The Julian is 675 seconds behind the average tropical solar year (the Julian year is 31,557,600 seconds).

For the first time in history, we have a solar civil tropical 7-point calendar that is perfectly accurate to averages up to 7 decimal places in relation to the average tropical solar year.

It officially works since 2019 in automatic mode on the Asgardia website in all time zones simultaneously and synchronized with the atomic clock of the uniform International Atomic Time (TAI).

The Asgardia Institute of Standards has developed a preliminary standard for a reference digital civil mathematical calendar [7].
http://www.asgardiainstituteofstandards.space/

Articles 32, 42 and 50 of the Constitution of Asgardia [https://asgardia.space/ru/constitution/] are dedicated to the Asgardian calendar. In Decree 2 [8] the Asgardian calendar is defined in the draft; in Decree 38 [9] and in Decree 46 [10], it is officially put into effect.

For more information on the Asgardian calendar, see [11], [12], [13].

The average length of the Asgardian calendar year is exactly equal to the average length of the astronomical tropical year - 365 (31/128) days = 365.2421875 days = 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 45 seconds = 31,556,925 seconds.

A single universal mathematical model (formula) for calculating the duration of the tropical year (L) for all existing types of calendars is as follows:

L = (integer part) + (fractional part) = CONST + const = K + MCC = K + μ = K + [α + (± β)] = 365+ μ = K + KP = 365 + KP;

where:

L is the total duration of the tropical year in whole numbers and fractions of a day; K = CONST is the base length of the year in whole numbers of days.

For the conditions of the planet Earth, K = 365 days;

α is the accuracy of the calendar;

± β - system error value

μ = α + (± β) = КР = MCC - Morozov calendar constant (constant) (MCC).

μ = МСС = КР - the universal standard calendar constant for any rotating space object such as planets, satellites, stars, galaxies, galaxy systems revolving around a certain center of mass.

μ = МСС = КР is always a constant value, a standard that is calculated as a simple sum of the accuracy coefficient "α" and the system error "± β" for a given space object.

The universal standard "Morozov's calendar constant" is a new cosmological parameter of "calendar astronomy" that characterizes the movement of time on any particular space object (satellite, planet, star, galaxy, group of galaxies) revolving around a common center of rotation (center of mass).

The numerical value of the "Morozov calendar constant" for the planet Earth is (with an accuracy of 7 decimal places):

MCC = KP = μ = const = α + (± β) = 31/128 = 0.2421875 days = 5 hours 48 minutes 45 seconds (per year). It is obvious that: [α + (± β)] - μ = 0.

The universal reference standard "Morozov's calendar constant", first introduced by the author [7], has the same meaning for calendar theory as the Hubble constant, or Boltzmann's constant, or Planck's constant for theoretical quantum physics, or the constancy of the speed of light in the theory of relativity, or Avogadro's number in chemistry.

The online calendar function on the Asgardia website has an automatic copy of the timestamp, which is essential for all blockchain-based systems, as well as for all data archiving and statistics systems, for all automatic processing systems for large and extra-large databases.

The Asgardian calendar uses the principle of calendar equivalence. All known calendars of the world have a rigidly fixed grid of days of the week (from Sunday to Saturday). In this case, the series of numbers of calendar days from the 1st (one) to the 365th and (366th day in a leap year) are movable. They are shifted annually by one position in a regular year and by two positions in each year following a leap year.

In the calendar of Asgardia, the reverse order is applied: the grid of the days of the week of the Gregorian calendar is made movable, and the series of numbers in both the Gregorian and the universal cosmic matrices are rigidly fixed relative to each other. The grid of days of the week in the Gregorian calendar changes annually by one position in a regular non-leap year and by two positions in each year following a leap year.

Astronomically, these transformations are completely equivalent (this is the principle of calendar equivalence). But economically, they fundamentally differ in the effective results of long-term network planning.

The Asgardia calendar is a fixed calendar based on:

* on the principle of calendar equivalence;

* on the calendar synchronization of the start date of the real (Gregorian) and ideal (space) year;

* on the Morozov calendar constant (31/128 days) when determining the frequency of leap years.


It fixes the beginning of each new year on the same date and on the same day of the week in a double universal matrix, that is, on the date "January 1" according to the Gregorian calendar, and on the date "1 Aquarius" according to the cosmic calendar. In addition, he rigidly fixes both number series (cosmic and Gregorian) relative to each other by introducing a movable grid of days of the week in the matrix of the Gregorian calendar.

The cosmic calendar with a cycle of 128 years in a paper version does not need to be reprinted every year for the entire 128 years of the cycle.

The introduction of the space standard reference calendar of Asgardia by Decree No. 38 [9] of Head of State Igor Ashurbeyli is of general civilizational significance.

It took mankind 2257 years (2019 + 238 = 2257), - from March 7, 238 BC. before Decree No. 38 of Asgardia, 16 Capricorn 0003 (December 18, 2019 AD), - to switch from the Egyptian calendar of the star Sirius (Julian in Rome) to the cosmic calendar of the star Sun (exact solar tropical calendar of Asgardia).

The Asgardia website maps the 12-month Gregorian calendar matrix to the 13-month space calendar matrix in one block throughout the year (January 1st to December 31st in the Gregorian calendar), allowing both calendars to be used at the same time. The Gregorian calendar is measured by a reference cosmic calendar.

Each month of the space calendar contains exactly 28 days. It is convenient both for planning astronavigation of space flights and for space medicine. All hormonal contraceptives used in space by female astronauts, in particular, are designed for a cycle of 28 days. (https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/521286). (https://asgardia.space/en/calendar).

Asgardia's space calendar is tied to the UTC-TAI scale. At the moment, the atomic time scale, built on the stable radiation of the isotope cesium-133, is the most accurate in the world. Its error does not exceed ± 1 second over a period of 300 million years.

The UTC scale was introduced in 1964. It is an evenly variable time scale - Coordinated Universal Time - that connects the UT1 (Observed Universal Time) scale and the Unified International Atomic Time (TAI) scale. When the discrepancy between UTC (TAI) and UT1 gradually increases to 0.9 seconds, the zero point is automatically corrected in a jump (quantum) - adding one (1) whole second to the year time at once.

Asgardia's calendar is stabilized by an atomic clock and is designed in such a way as to synchronously (simultaneously) show the same autonomous time in parallel on all spaceships and objects, including the Earth.

The Asgardian calendar is a purely solar digital calendar based on a rigorous mathematical model of the Earth's motion around the Sun.

Conclusions

All existing modern state calendars are outdated clerical standard calendars with relative accuracy (Julian, Gregorian, Muslim lunar, etc.) They are either lagging behind or ahead of the tropical year. All of them are not reference.

The Asgardian Space Calendar is the first ever civil digital standard 13-month 7-position reference calendar with unique precision to match the length of the tropical year. It can be a unit of measure (reference) for the year for any common standard calendars around the world.

The date of the beginning of the calendar countdown is January 1, 2017 according to the Gregorian calendar. UTC is the basis of the Asgardian calendar and is based on the Unified Atomic Time Scale (TAI). All time sources (both GPS satellites and NTP servers) currently only report UTC time.

TAI, - Atomic Time, - Temps Atomique International - (1 atomic second is equal to 9 192 631 770 periods of radiation of the isotope of the cesium-133 atom) and is a unit of the international system (SI).

The Asgardian calendar can be used as the world reference standard calendar for the United Nations.

The Catholic calendar of the Vatican, revised in 1582, was intended to serve the global navigation of the fleet of sailing ships in the world's oceans of planet Earth in the era of great geographical discoveries in the vastness of the Earth (with travel speeds up to the first cosmic speed).

It turned out to be more accurate than the Julian calendar in relation to the average value of the duration of the tropical solar year by 648 seconds (675-27 = 648 seconds). This was the era of the heyday of capitalism and socialism (the fourth and fifth socio-economic formations).

The 2017 edition of the Asgardia calendar is designed to service the navigation of the fleet of spaceships in the Universe when the civilization colonizes the Moon and other objects of near and deep space in the era of the great Exodus of civilization into outer space (both with pre-space travel speeds, as well as with space travel speeds equal to and higher than the first cosmic speed - in this particular case, the circular speed of an artificial Earth satellite, equal to 7.9 km / s).

All existing calendars and associated time systems satisfactorily serve civilization in the range of speeds up to the first cosmic one (in the case of the Earth, this is 7.9 km / s). The space calendar can serve civilization both before and after reaching the first cosmic speed of movement of objects in space.

The cosmic calendar has no error in relation to the average value of the duration of the tropical solar year.

Therefore, a new space state begins with this cosmic civil calendar.

The era of the heyday of the sixth socio-economic formation (astronautical or information-space) has come.

The reference report card-calendar of Asgardia for the upcoming year 2022 according to the Gregorian calendar (0006 according to the calendar of Asgardia) - https://asgardia.space/en/calendar


Timetable-calendar of Asgardia for the coming 2022 according to the Gregorian calendar (0006 according to the calendar of Asgardia) - https://asgardia.space/en/calendar

Brief description of the Asgardian calendar

1) The Asgardia calendar is a civil space universal 13-month 7-position digital standard reference tropical calendar. The calendar began to operate on the date January 1, 2017 in the Gregorian calendar, which corresponds to the date 1 Aquarius 0001.
https://asgardia.space/en/calendar

2) There are 13 months in the calendar, arranged in the order corresponding to the astronomical order of the constellations on the ecliptic of the Sun: I. Aquarius [Aquarius]; II. Fish [Pisces]; III. Aries [Aries]; IV. Taurus [Taurus]; V. Gemini [Gemini]; Vi. Cancer [Cancer]; Vii. Leo [Leo]; VIII. Virgo [Virgo]; IX. Libra [Libra]; X. Scorpio [Scorpius]; XI. Serpentarium [Ophiuchus]; XII. Sagittarius [Sagittarius]; XIII. Capricorn [Capricornus].

3) Each calendar month contains 28 days.

4) Each quarter contains 91 days.

5) The core of the year consists of 364 days, 52 weeks of 7 days in each week.

6) There is one additional 365 day of the year [ED] in each non-leap year and one duplicate of the additional 366 day of the year [EDD] in each leap year.

7) Extra days [day 365 and day 366] are conditionally incomplete 53rd week.

8) Each week starts on Sunday and ends on Saturday.

9) The entire time axis is divided into uniform segments (cycles) of 128 years each.

10) In each cycle of 128 years, it has an average of 31 leap years and 97 non-leap years (leap formula: 31/128 days is the Morozov calendar constant).

11) Each cycle of 128 years has two types of calendar templates (two types of calendar matrices) - leap and common, which differ from each other only in the number of holidays before New Year's day (January 1 according to the Gregorian calendar and 1 Aquarius according to the Asgardian space calendar) : two holidays in a leap year and one in a non-leap year (we are talking about the holiday "Days of the Year of Asgardia" - see below).

12) The grid of days of the week of the Gregorian calendar from Sunday to Saturday is shifted in relation to the grid of days of the week of the cosmic calendar of Asgardia by one position in a non-leap year, and by two positions after each leap year.

13) "The frequency of repetition of" Duplicates of additional (that is, leap) days "[366 days of a leap year -" EDD "] is determined by the" Morozov calendar constant "[МСС = КР = μ = 31/128 days = 0.2421875 days = 20,925 seconds] ".

14) The program has no restrictions on the period of use; in this particular embodiment, it is designed for use for a period of 64,000 years between 30,500 BC. and 33500 AD (30,500 + 33,500 = 64,000 years).

15) Unlike the Gregorian calendar, every 3200 year since 1600 (e.g. 4800) is a common year.

16) January 1, 2013 is a special ("singular") base (anchor) point for all 128-year cycles of the (tropical) mathematical matrix of Asgardia.

17) Short entry form: 13 Virgo 0003 // July 28, 2019.

18) National Holidays of the State of Asgardia:

I. Asgardia's birthday is "5 Ophiuchus" (October 12 of each common year and October 11 of each leap year in the Gregorian calendar).

II. Asgardia Constitution Day [Asgardian National Unity Day] - "1 Leo" (June 18 of every common year and June 17 of every leap year in the Gregorian calendar).

III. The days of the year of Asgardia are every 365 days of every non-leap year (29 Capricornus; December 31 in the Gregorian calendar). And every 365 and 366 days of each leap year (29 and 30 Capricornus; 30 and 31 December Gregorian).

19) The calendar of Asgardia was preliminary put into effect by the Decree (Decree) No. 2 of the Head of the Nation dated 09.03.0001 (06.03.2017); approved by the Parliament of Asgardia 13 Virgo 0003 (28.07.2019) and finally introduced by Decree (Decree) No. 38 of 16 Capricornus 0003 (18.12.2019)

twenty). For more information on the calendar, visit the Asgardia Space Nation website at https://asgardia.space/en/calendar


Feedback (review) on the scientific work of S.L. Morozov "A single universal calendar for mankind" from the director of CEMI RAS, academician V.L. Makarov (17.01.2013 No. 14310/6215).

Literature

[1] Gauss Karl Friedrich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ed. A.M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia, 1971. - T. 6: Gaslift - Gogolevo. - S. 144-145.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss

2] Kulikov S. The thread of times. Small encyclopedia of a calendar with notes on the margins of newspapers. - M .: Science. Ch. ed. physical-mat. lit., 1991 .-- 288 p. - 200,000 copies - ISBN 5-02-014563-7.

[3] Medler I. About the reform of the calendar // Journal of the Ministry of Public Education. 1864. Part 121. Dept. Vi. S. 9–21.

[4] Idelson N. I. History of the calendar / N. Idelson, astronomer Leningrad. astronomer. in-that. - L .: Scientific. book, 1925 .-- 176 p .: ill.

[5] Morozov S.L. (Moscow) Universal mathematical model of the length of a calendar year for all types of stock calendars. Calendar constant. Economics and Mathematical Methods, 2015, 51 (1), 109-129.

https://disk.yandex.ru/i/IOVXgDoHuWpr-Q

[6] Meeus J., Savoie D. (1992). The History of the Tropical Year. Journal of the British Astronomical Association 102 (1), 40–42; Secular Terms of the Classical Planetary Theories Using the Results of General Theory. Astronomy and Astrophysics 157, 59–70.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243749776_The_history_of_the_tropical_year

[7]. Asgardian Calendar. The Asgardia Institute of Standards (AIS). Asgardian Calendar. Version 0.3, Draft. October 3, 202.

http://www.asgardiainstituteofstandards.space/

[8] Decree No. 2 of Asgardia dated 09.03.0001 (06.03.2017).

https://asgardia.space/ru/document/Decree002/

[9] Decree No. 38 of Asgardia, 16 Capricorn 0003 (December 18, 2019).

https://asgardia.space/ru/document/DECREE-No-38-On-Giving-Effect-to-the-Calendar-T/

[10] Decree No. 46 of Asgardia, 21 Libra 0004 (01 September 2020).

https://asgardia.space/ru/document/decree-46/

[11] Morozov S.L. The Asgardian calendar and its role in the Space Industrialization Strategy. Aerospace Journal (ASJ) 2019, Vol. 99, 2, pp. 10-19.

https://asgardia.space/files/asgardia-calendar-morozov.pdf

[12] Sergei L Morozov. Asgardia’s calendar and its role in space industrialisation strategy. ROOM, Space Journal of Asgardia, Autumn #3(21) 2019, pp. 66-72.

https://asgardia.space/files/asgardia-calendar-morozov-sep-19.pdf

[13] Morozov S.L. Standard 13-month I. Medler - D.I. Mendeleev - S.L. Morozov reference calendar and its application for the industrialization of space society. Monograph - M .: LLC "VASH FORMAT", 2019. - 260 p. (Rus). ISBN 978-5-907092-99-0.

http://www.cemi-ras.ru/dissertation/defense/morozov/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%99-13-%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%AF%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%99.pdf

© Morozov S.L., 2021

Sergey Lvovich Morozov - the author of the Asgardian space calendar

https://youtu.be/Cn-fG2N001o

Author: Ph.D. Morozov Sergey Lvovich.

List of publications on Orbiter.ch Space News (Archives):

Exodus of civilization into space - Homestatic ark as the main tool in space exploration strategy. Part 22
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/10/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_25.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Ideology of space expansion. Part 21
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/10/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html

Exodus of civilization into space - On the issue of standardization of the uniform space time of the Asgardian calendar in the AIS and the UN. Part 20
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/09/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-on.html

Exodus of civilization into space - The US decided to overtake China? "Plus the renewable electrification of the whole country?". Part 19.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/08/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-us.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Selenic Strategy - UN Ideology in the XXI Century? Part 18.1.2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/08/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Homeostatic Ark & Permanent bases on the Moon and Mars. Part 18.5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/07/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html

Exodus of civilization into space - American Jobs Plan. Part 18.4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/06/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html

Exodus of civilization into space - The space age of civilization began its new Third stage (civil). Part 18.3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/06/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-space.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Selenic Strategy - Ideology of the UN in the XXI Century. Part 18.2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_31.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Selenic Strategy - UN Ideology in the XXI Century. Part 18.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_25.html

Space Toilet and Problems of Intestinal Stick Infection. Part 17.7
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/space-toilet-and-problems-of-intestinal.html

Three Historical Stages of Cosmonautics Development. Part 17.6
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/three-historical-stages-of-cosmonautics.html

Brief Background to Selenopolitics (Industrial Colonization of the Moon). Part 17.5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/brief-background-to-selenopolitics.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Creation of the first ever mobile homeostatic ark (HA) in the USA. Part 16
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_5.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Apocalypse; View from the UK. Part 15
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_3.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Comparison of plans of NASA and Roscosmos. Part 14
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html

The ideology of space expansion - The question of pregnancy and childbirth in zero gravity. Part 17.4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-ideology-of-space-expansion.html

Colonization of the Moon - The source of the power, wealth and power of civilization in the Universe. Part 17.3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/colonization-of-moon-source-of-power.html

Space manned industrialization of the XXI century - the golden age of civilization. Part 17.2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/space-manned-industrialization-of-xxi.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Humanity's strategy to create stationary and mobile Homeostatic arks. Part 17.1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_21.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Tsiolkovsky Galactic State. Part 9
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_19.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Symbol of the End of the XXI century. Part 8
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_16.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Stopping the process of increasing value added. Part 7
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_14.html

Exodus of civilization into space - The sixth socio-economic formation of civilization. Part 6
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-sixth.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Space man. Part 5
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space-space.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Biological End of the World. Part 4
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_7.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Geochronological Ice Ages, periods, eras. Part 3
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space_5.html

Exodus of civilization into space - Astrophysical End of the World. Part 2
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/04/exodus-of-civilization-into-space.html

The ideology of space expansion - Space calendar. Part 1
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-ideology-of-space-expansion-space.html

Related links:

About Ph.D. Morozov Sergey Lvovich: https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5fbb90753e3ad265054f930a/ob-avtore-kanala-5fbd2bf80b4af80149fb12c2

Original article in Russian on Zen.Yandex:
https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5fbb90753e3ad265054f930a/ishod-civilizacii-v-kosmos-chast-24-standartnyi-kosmicheskii-kalendar-asgardii-kak-etalonnyi-kalendar-civilizacii-6172dd46c4d5542a93dcf788

Asgardia website: https://asgardia.space/

Author: Ph.D. & Asgardia Member of Parliament (AMP) Morozov Sergey Lvovich / Zen.Yandex. Editor / Translation: Orbiter.ch Aerospace, by Roland Berga, Asgardia Member of Parliament (AMP), Founder & Owner of Orbiter.ch Aerospace.

Best regards, Roland Berga (aka Orbiter.ch)

mardi 9 novembre 2021

Coverage Update for NASA’s SpaceX Crew-3 Briefings, Events, Broadcasts

 







SpaceX - Dragon Crew-3 Mission patch.


Nov. 9, 2021

NASA will provide updated coverage of the upcoming launch and docking activities for the agency’s SpaceX Crew-3 mission, which will carry astronauts to the International Space Station.

This mission marks the third time the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft has transported a crew rotation of astronauts to the station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. It will be the spacecraft’s fourth flight for the program with astronauts, including the Demo-2 test flight.

The launch now is targeted for no earlier than 9:03 p.m. EST Wednesday, Nov. 10, on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The launch follows a successful return of the agency’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission.


Image above: A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket with the company’s Crew Dragon spacecraft onboard is seen on the launch pad at Launch Complex 39A as preparations continue for the Crew-3 mission, at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Photo credits: NASA/Joel Kowsky.

The Crew Dragon Endurance is scheduled to dock to the space station at 7:10 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 11. Launch and docking coverage will air live on NASA Television, the NASA app, and the agency’s website.

The Crew-3 flight will carry NASA astronauts Raja Chari, mission commander; Tom Marshburn, pilot; and Kayla Barron, mission specialist; as well as ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Matthias Maurer, who will serve as a mission specialist, to the space station for a six-month science mission.


Image above: The astronauts of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-3 mission pose for a portrait in their spacesuits during a training session. From left are: NASA astronauts Kayla Barron, Raja Chari, and Thomas Marshburn, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Matthias Maurer. Image Credit: SpaceX.

The deadline has passed for media accreditation for in-person coverage of this launch. Due to the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the Kennedy Press Site facilities remains closed for the protection of Kennedy employees and journalists except for limited number of media who have already been notified. More information about media accreditation is available by emailing: ksc-media-accreditat@mail.nasa.gov.

All media participation in the following news conference will be remote.

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-3 mission coverage is as follows (all times Eastern):

Today, Tuesday, Nov. 9

9:30 p.m. – Crew-3 Prelaunch News Teleconference with the following participants:

    Steve Stich, manager, Commercial Crew Program, NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston
    Joel Montalbano, manager, International Space Station Program, NASA Johnson
    Holly Ridings, chief flight director, Flight Operations Directorate, Johnson
    SpaceX Representative
    ESA Representative

Media wishing to participate in the preview briefing by telephone must contact ksc-newsroom@mail.nasa.gov to RSVP by 4:30 p.m. EST today, Tuesday, Nov. 9. Those following the briefing on social media may ask questions using #AskNASA.

Wednesday, Nov. 10

    4:45 p.m. – NASA TV coverage begins
    9:03 p.m. – Launch

NASA TV coverage continues through docking, arrival, and the welcome ceremony. In lieu of a postlaunch news conference, NASA leadership will provide comments during the broadcast.

Thursday, Nov. 11

    7:10 p.m. – Docking
    8:45 p.m. – Hatch Opening
    9:20 p.m. – Welcoming Ceremony

NASA TV Launch Coverage

NASA TV live coverage will begin at 4:45 p.m. Wednesday, Nov. 10. For NASA TV downlink information, schedules, and links to streaming video, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

Audio only of the news conferences and launch coverage will be carried on the NASA “V” circuits, which may be accessed by dialing 321-867-1220, -1240, -1260 or -7135. On launch day, “mission audio,” countdown activities without NASA TV launch commentary, will be carried on 321-867-7135.

Launch also will be available on local amateur VHF radio frequency 146.940 MHz and UHF radio frequency 444.925 MHz, FM mode, heard within Brevard County on the Space Coast.

NASA Website Launch Coverage

Launch day coverage of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-3 mission will be available on the agency’s website. Coverage will include livestreaming and blog updates beginning no earlier than 4:45 p.m. Wednesday, Nov. 10, as the countdown milestones occur. On-demand streaming video and photos of the launch will be available shortly after liftoff. For questions about countdown coverage, contact the Kennedy newsroom at: 321-867-2468. Follow countdown coverage on the launch blog at:

https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew

On launch day, a “clean feed” of the launch without NASA TV commentary will air on the NASA TV media channel. NASA will provide a live video feed of Launch Complex 39A approximately 48 hours prior to the planned liftoff of the Crew-3 mission. Pending unlikely technical issues, the feed will be uninterrupted through launch.

Once the feed is live, you will find it at:

https://youtube.com/kscnewsroom

Attend Launch Virtually

Members of the public can register to attend this launch virtually or join the Facebook event. NASA’s virtual guest program for this mission also includes curated launch resources, notifications about related opportunities, as well as a stamp for the NASA virtual guest passport (for those registered via Eventbrite) following a successful launch.

NASA’s Commercial Crew Program has delivered on its goal of safe, reliable, and cost-effective transportation to and from the International Space Station from the United States through a partnership with American private industry. This partnership is changing the arc of human spaceflight history by opening access to low-Earth orbit and the International Space Station to more people, more science, and more commercial opportunities. The space station remains the springboard to NASA’s next great leap in space exploration, including future missions to the Moon and, ultimately, to Mars.

For NASA’s launch blog and more information about the mission, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/commercialcrew

And of course a follow-up of the mission on this blog: https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/

Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Kathleen Ellis/Orbiter.ch Aerospace/Roland Berga.

Best regards, Orbiter.ch

Astrophysicists unveil glut of gravitational-wave detections

 







LIGO - Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory logo.


Nov. 9, 2021

The latest bounty of 35 events features oddball black holes and a miniature neutron star.


Image above: As black holes merge (illustration), they produce gravitational waves that ripple across the Universe. Image Credits: Mark Garlick/SPL.

Gravitational-wave observatories have released their latest catalogue of cosmic collisions, bringing their total number of detections to 90. The new crop of 35 events includes one featuring the lightest neutron star ever seen, as well as two clashes involving surprisingly large black holes.

The detections come from the two Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) sites, in Louisiana and Washington State, and their sister detector, Virgo, in Italy. They were recorded during 21 weeks of operations, beginning on 1 November 2019, that racked up an average detection rate of one event every 4.2 days. Since then, the collaboration has expanded to include the KAGRA detector in Japan, which started making observations in February 2020. The LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA collaboration describes its results in a paper posted on the arXiv preprint repository1.

Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time that are produced when large masses accelerate. Like the detections previously reported by LIGO–Virgo, the latest ones are all attributed to pairs of dense stellar remnants spiralling into each other and merging. The vast majority, including LIGO’s first historic detection in 2015, have involved pairs of black holes, but in a few cases one or both of the objects were neutron stars.

LIGO's Dual Detectors.| Image Credits: LIGO Lab / Caltech

The collaboration initially released data on only high-confidence detections, but the latest catalogue — as well as the previous one, released in October 2020 — includes any detections that have better-than-even chances of being genuine gravitational waves. The team estimates that around 10–15% of the latest candidates in the catalogue are false alarms, “caused by instrumental noise fluctuations”.

Monster mash

From the shape and frequency of the waves produced by mergers, researchers can calculate the details of a host of features for the objects involved, including their masses and their distance from Earth. The latest 35 events varied in distance from roughly 245 million to more than 2.2 billion parsecs (800 million to more than 7 billion light years) away.

And they include some real monsters: two events involved black holes with masses more than 60 times that of the Sun. For astrophysicists, the mere existence of these black holes is problematic. Typically, black holes are thought to form from the collapse of a very massive star at the end of its life. But prevailing theories predict that some dying stars should explode rather than collapse, which should leave a dearth of black holes in the range of roughly 65–120 solar masses.

A merger that LIGO and Virgo picked up on 21 May 2019, revealed in last year’s catalogue, had already challenged that assumption because it involved a black hole of 85 solar masses. Now that the team has identified two more outlier events, it seems less likely that the earlier one was a fluke.

Alessandra Buonanno, a LIGO astrophysicist at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam, Germany, says one possible explanation is that these massive black holes might have come about as a result of an earlier merger, rather than the collapse of a single star. “What we are seeing could be a second-generation binary,” she says.

The observatories spotted another intriguing event on 19 December 2019, involving a black hole 30 times the mass of the Sun swallowing a minuscule neutron star. At just 1.17 solar masses, it is the one of the lightest known neutron stars and the lowest-mass object ever detected by LIGO–Virgo. But Buonanno warns that this was one of the lower-confidence detections, so could represent background noise rather than a genuine event.

Pattern recognition

Another LIGO astrophysicist, Daniel Holz at the University of Chicago in Illinois, says that the bounty of black-hole mergers is getting large enough for researchers to be able to see patterns emerging. The most conspicuous of these is that black-hole mergers tend to happen more often in galaxies that are farther away from us in space and time2.

The upshot is that black-hole mergers have been getting less common as the Universe matures. “This is consistent with expectations from theory,” Holz says. “There were more stars being created earlier in the Universe, and therefore it is natural to expect that there would be more black holes created, and therefore more black-hole mergers.”

LIGO and Virgo shut down on 27 March 2020 — earlier than planned owing to the COVID-19 pandemic — and have been undergoing major upgrades. They are expected to reopen in late 2022 for another run of observations, which together with KAGRA could double the bounty yet again. Researchers expect that once they have hundreds of events to compare, they will be able to see trends that point to the origins and history of the binary systems involved in the mergers, as well as the history of the Universe itself. "When we get down to the end of that, it’s going to be amazing," says Holz.

Meanwhile, astronomers around the world are still hoping for a repeat of the August 2017 merger of two neutron stars, which is the only gravitational-wave event so far to have also been seen by conventional observatories.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-03089-y

References:

1. Abbott, R. et al. preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.03606 (2021).

2. The LVK collaboration, preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.03634 (2021).

Related link:

LIGO - Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory: https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/

Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: Nature/Davide Castelvecchi.

Greetings, Orbiter.ch

Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys Instrument Resumes Science, Investigation Continues (Update)

 







NASA - Hubble Space Telescope patch.


Nov. 9, 2021

The Hubble team successfully recovered the Advanced Camera for Surveys instrument Nov. 7. The instrument has started taking science observations once again. Hubble’s other instruments remain in safe mode while NASA continues investigating the lost synchronization messages first detected Oct. 23. The camera was selected as the first instrument to recover as it faces the fewest complications should a lost message occur.

Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Image Credit: NASA

Over the past week, the mission team has continued investigating the root cause of the synchronization issues and has seen no additional problems. The team will continue looking into possible short-term solutions this week and develop estimates for implementation. Once this occurs, the team will discuss returning the other instruments to operational status and resuming their science observations.

Related articles:

NASA Takes Additional Steps to Investigate Hubble Instruments in Safe Mode
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/11/nasa-takes-additional-steps-to.html

Hubble Remains in Safe Mode, NASA Team Investigating
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/11/hubble-remains-in-safe-mode-nasa-team.html

Related links:

Hubble Space Telescope (HST): https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC): https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/home/index.html

Image (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Jamie Adkins/Elizabeth Landau/GSFC/Claire Andreoli.

Best regards, Orbiter.ch

Tianwen-1 orbiter enters into its science orbit

 







CNSA - Tianwen-1 (天問-1) Mission to Mars logo.


Nov. 9, 2021

An elliptical orbit optimized for its remote sensing mission

On 8 November 2021, the Tianwen-1 orbiter has entered into its science orbit, an elliptical orbit optimized for its remote sensing mission. At its closest approach (periareion), the Tianwen-1 orbiter will be at about 265km from the surface of Mars.

Tianwen-1 orbiter enters into its science orbit

The farthest distance of the orbiter from Mars (apoareion) is about 10700 km. The Zhurong rover has traveled 1253 metres so far on the surface of Utopia Planitia, Mars. Tianwen-1 (天问一号) is China’s first Mars exploration mission with an orbiter, a lander and a rover named Zhurong (祝融).

Related articles:

Zhurong's first weather report from Mars & Tianwen-1 orbiter delays move into science orbit
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/08/zhurongs-first-weather-report-from-mars.html

Zhurong completes its designed mission
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/08/zhurong-completes-its-designed-mission.html

Tianwen-1 and Zhurong – a new phase of Mars exploration
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/08/tianwen-1-and-zhurong-new-phase-of-mars.html

Tianwen-1 Mission to Mars - Close-Up of Zhurong’s Parachute
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/07/tianwen-1-mission-to-mars-close-up-of.html

Tianwen-1 Mission to Mars - New images from Zhurong
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/07/tianwen-1-mission-to-mars-new-images.html

Zhurong landing on Mars & Sounds of Zhurong’s descend onto Mars
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/06/zhurong-landing-on-mars-sounds-of.html

Zhurong rover and Tianwen-1 lander on Mars
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/06/zhurong-rover-and-tianwen-1-lander-on.html

Tianwen-1 Lander and Zhurong Rover seen by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/06/tianwen-1-lander-and-zhurong-rover-seen.html

Zhurong is roving on Mars!
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/zhurong-is-roving-on-mars.html

Why the China Mars rover’s landing site has geologists excited & Zhurong’s first images from Mars
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/why-china-mars-rovers-landing-site-has.html

Tianwen-1 orbiter relays Zhurong rover’s data and images
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/tianwen-1-orbiter-relays-zhurong-rovers.html

Zhurong landed on Mars! The Tianwen-1 rover is on Utopia Planitia (Videos)
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/zhurong-landed-on-mars-tianwen-1-rover.html

China succeeds in landing its rover on Mars
https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2021/05/china-succeeds-in-landing-its-rover-on.html

Related link:

For more information about China National Space Administration (CNSA), visit: http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/

Image, Video, Text, Credits: China National Space Administration (CNSA)/China Media Group(CMG)/China Central Television (CCTV)/SciNews/Orbiter.ch Aerospace/Roland Berga.

Best regards, Orbiter.ch

ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet returns after an action-packed six months in orbit

 







ESA - Alpha Mission (animated) patch.


Nov. 9, 2021

In brief

ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet returned to Earth today alongside NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, marking the end of his second six-month International Space Station mission known as Alpha.

Crew-2 after splashdown

In-depth

Thomas is the first European to fly to the International Space Station and return on a commercial spacecraft. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour transporting Crew-2 autonomously undocked from the International Space Station and after a series of burns, entered Earth’s atmosphere and deployed parachutes for a soft water-landing. Thomas and crew splashed down off the coast of Florida, USA on 9 November 2021 at 03:33 GMT (04:33 CET).

Alpha spacewalk

Thomas will fly to Cologne, Germany, where he will be monitored by ESA’s space medicine team as he readapts to Earth’s gravity at ESA’s European Astronaut Centre (EAC) and German Aerospace Centre (DLR) ‘Envihab’ facility.

Thomas’ second mission to space was incredibly busy. During Alpha, Thomas performed four spacewalks to install new solar array equipment and upgrade the International Space Station’s power system. He now holds the European record for most cumulative hours spent spacewalking, a total of 39 hours and 54 minutes.

Nauka and Soyuz

In addition to supporting 200 investigations in space, including 40 European ones and 12 new experiments led by the French space agency CNES, Thomas saw seven spacecraft come and go, the 20-year old Pirs module leaving for good and the arrival of the Russian Nauka laboratory module with a very special passenger, the European Robotic Arm.

In his free time, Thomas snapped thousands of photos and timelapses from space and recorded tours of the Space Station using a 360 camera, allowing global audiences a unique fly through humankind’s orbital outpost.

Thomas with Grasp experiment

Shortly before the end of his mission, on 4 October Thomas became the fourth European and first French in command of the International Space Station.

Back on Earth, Thomas will continue working with European researchers on experiments including Acoustic Diagnostics that looks into the impact of the Space Station environment on astronaut hearing, the TIME experiment that looks at whether astronauts judge time differently in space, and two experiments known as Grip and Grasp that look into the physiology behind eye-hand coordination and the role of gravity in regulating grip force, among others.

Best of Alpha mission timelapse

With mission Alpha, Thomas has helped continue solid European research in space whose findings will help shape the future of human and robotic exploration while enhancing technological developments on Earth.

Related links:

Alpha: https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Alpha

Human and Robotic Exploration: https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration

International Space Station (ISS): https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station

Images, Video. Text, Credits: ESA/T. Pesquet/NASA/Aubrey Gemignani/S. Kimbrough.

Greetings, Orbiter.ch